阿居兰苏丹国

Ajuuraan state

存在时间: 13 世纪—17 世纪（Wikidata 的日期只记到世纪，非确切年份）
后继: 希拉布伊玛目国
类型: 历史国家
简述: Somali Muslim empire (13th-late 17th century)

阿朱兰苏丹国（索马里语：Dawladdii Ajuuraan, 阿拉伯语：الدولة الأجورانيون），简称阿朱兰，是索马里人建立的穆斯林苏丹国。中世纪统治非洲之角的大部分。通过强大的中央集权和对侵略者的进攻性军事姿态，阿朱兰苏丹国成功抵制了奥罗莫人从西面的入侵和葡萄牙帝国从东面的入侵。重新建立从古代和中世纪早期时期索马里海域的贸易路线，对外贸易兴盛，来自东亚、南亚、欧洲、中东、北非和非洲东部的船舶在沿海省份的海域航行。

正文摘自中文维基百科「阿朱兰苏丹国」（删去了参考文献、表格和图片），按 CC BY-SA 4.0 使用

英文维基百科的更多内容

中文维基百科这一条比较短，下面是英文维基百科同一条目的节选，原文为英文，未翻译。

The Ajuran Sultanate (Somali: Saldanadda Ajuuraan, Arabic: سلطنة الأجورانية), natively referred to as Ajuuraan, and often simply Ajuran or Ajur, was a Muslim empire in the Horn of Africa that thrived from the late medieval and early modern period. Founded by Somali Sultans its rise to prominence began during the 13th and 14th centuries and by the 15th century, it was Africa's only 'hydraulic empire'. Through a strong centralized administration and an aggressive military stance towards invaders, the Ajuran Empire successfully resisted Oromo invasions from the west and fought against Portuguese incursions from the east.

The Ajuran were among the great centres of commerce in the contemporary African and Islamic world. Trading routes dating from ancient and early medieval periods of Somali maritime enterprise were strengthened and re-established, foreign trade and commerce in the coastal provinces flourished with ships sailing to and from kingdoms and empires in the Near East, East Asia, and the wider world. The Ajuran are believed to be the first Africans to have contact with China.

Etymology

The Ajuran Empire traces its name back to the Arabic word; إيجار (Ījārā), which means to rent or tax, likely related to the tributes paid to the Empire.

History

The Ajuran is regarded as a successor to its more influential predecessor, the Adal Sultanate. The precise origins of the Ajuran vary as they are rooted in traditional Somali folklore. It was in the 13th century the Ajuran first appeared and began gaining power.……

Origins and the House of Garen

The House of Garen was the ruling hereditary dynasty of the Ajuran Empire.……

Administration

The Ajuran nobility used many of the typical Somali aristocratic and court titles, with the Garen rulers styled Imam. These leaders were the empire's highest authority, and counted multiple Sultans, Emirs, and Kings as clients or vassals.……

Citizenry

Through their control of the region's wells, the Garen rulers effectively held a monopoly over their nomadic subjects as they were the only hydraulic empire in Africa during their reign.……

Taxation

The State collected tribute from the farmers in the form of harvested products like durra, sorghum and bun, and from the nomads, cattle, camels and goats. The collecting of tribute was done by a wazir.……

Military

The Ajuran State had a standing army with which the governors ruled and protected their subjects. The bulk of the army consisted of recruited soldiers who did not have any loyalties to the traditional Somali clan system, thereby making them more reliable.……

Urban and maritime centers

The urban centers of Merca, Mogadishu, Barawa, and their respective ports became profitable trade outlets for commodities originating from the interior of the state.……

Major cities

The Ajuran Empire was an influential Somali kingdom that held sway over several cities and towns in central and southern Somalia during the Middle Ages.……

Economy

The Ajuran Empire relied on agriculture and trade for most of its income. Major agricultural towns were located on the Shebelle and Jubba rivers, including Kismayo and Afgooye.……

Culture

The Ajurans developed a very rich culture combining various forms of Somali culture with Islamic architecture, astronomy, and art. Society evolved and flourished during this period. The majority of the inhabitants were ethnic Somali but there were also Yemeni, Persian, and Turkish minorities.……