黑羊王朝

历史

一些学者将黑羊王朝的乌古斯方言与阿塞拜疆语联系​​起来。黑羊王朝的东乌古斯方言今天被称为阿塞拜疆语。

1375年，黑羊王朝于波斯地区东部的赫拉特建都，成为当时统治巴格达与大不里士二大城市的札剌亦儿王朝之藩属。

卡拉·优素福1在位时，土库曼族造反，攻下了大不里士，结束了其对札剌亦儿王朝的藩属地位。

1400年，黑羊王朝被来自渴石的帖木儿打败，卡拉·优素福逃到埃及。

1406年，卡拉·优素福又重新占领大不里士。1410年，黑羊王朝占领巴格达。1420年，卡拉·优素福去世。

黑羊王朝领袖贾汗·沙与帖木儿帝国的沙哈鲁签订和平协议，但不久后则契约。

1447年，杰汗·沙赫占领了今属伊拉克的部分地区及阿拉伯半岛东部沿海地区。时帖木儿帝国则控制了伊朗西部。

1466年杰汗·沙赫试图夺取白羊王朝所控制的迪亚巴克尔，最终战败被杀。

1468年黑羊王朝由同为土库曼族政权的白羊王朝所灭。

《明史·西域传》作讨来思。当即大不里士（Tabriz）古名Tauris之对音。明宣宗宣德六年（1431年）曾遣使入贡于明朝，是时建都于此的正是黑羊王朝。《明史·外国传》将黑羊王朝占领的巴格达作黑葛达。黑葛达在宣德年间也遣使入贡。《明史》黑葛达记载：“国小民贫，尚佛畏刑。多牛羊，以铁铸钱”。

The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu (Azerbaijani: Qaraqoyunlular, قاراقویونلولار‎; Persian: قره قویونلو), also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a Turkoman, culturally Persianate, Muslim dynasty that ruled over the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, northwestern Iran, eastern Turkey, and northeastern Iraq from about 1374 to 1468.

History

Etymology

The name Qara Qoyunlu literally means "[those with] black sheep". They were likely so named because of the black sheep that was painted on their flags. It has been suggested that this name refers to old totemic symbols, but according to Rashid al-Din Hamadani, the Turks were forbidden to eat the flesh of their totem-animals, and so this is unlikely given the importance of mutton in the diet of pastoral nomads. Another hypothesis is that the name refers to the predominant color of their flocks.

Origins

The ruling family descended from the Yıwa tribe of the Oghuz Turks, specifically the Baharlu, who by the fourteenth century possessed territories north of Lake Van and Mosul in Upper Mesopotamia.……

Rise

During the 14th century, the Qara Qoyunlu had several encounters with the powerful Jalayirid Sultanate, which was based in Baghdad and Tabriz.……

Religion

During the Qara Qoyunlu period, Shia Islam was being spread, notably through the activities of Shaykh Junayd of the Safavid order in Azerbaijan and Anatolia and the Musha'sha' in Khuzistan. Vladimir Minorsky writes that the Qara Qoyunlu adopted Shia Islam as a unifying ideology for their loose tribal confederation, and that "in trying to unify their adepts on a shīʿa platform, they can be regarded as the forerunners of the Safavids." Their rivals, the Aq Qoyunlu, probably rejected heterodox religious influences out of their enmity towards the Qara Qoyunlu. According to R.……

Governance

The Qara Qoyunlu state organization was based mainly on of its predecessors, Jalayirids, and the Ilkhanids. Qara Qoyunlu rulers used the title sultan since the enthronement of Pirbudag by Qara Yusuf. Sometimes the title bahadur appeared on the coinage. They also used the titles khan, khagan and padishah.

Keeping with a Persianate culture, the Qara Qoyunlu used the Persian language for diplomacy, poetry, and as a court language. Diplomatic letters to the Timurids and Ottomans were written in Persian, while the correspondence with the Mamluk sultans were in Arabic. Official internal documents (farmān, suyūrghāl) were also written in Persian. Jahan Shah was titled Padishah-i Iran and King of Kings of Iran during his reign.

Culture

Under Timur, the cultural entity of Iran was renewed by Persian literature, art and culture being patronized throughout the Timurid Empire. Consequently, Qara Qoyunlu art was notably influenced by the Timurids. Jahan Shah wrote his poetry in Azerbaijani and Persian, while the Kitab-i Diyarbakriyya, a history of the Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu, was written by Abu Bakr Tehrani in Persian. The rule of the Qara Qoyunlu and other Turkoman dynasties speeded up the process—well underway by that time—by which Azerbaijan and parts of Fars became ethnically and linguistically Turkic.

Architecture

Jahan Shah is known for several architectural contributions through western Iran. The Northern Iwan of Darb-e Imam in Isfahan is attributed to him.……

Qara Qoyunlus in India

Sultan Quli Khawas Khan Hamdani (r.1518-1543), the founder of the Qutb Shahi dynasty of the Sultanate of Golconda in southern India, belonged to the Qara Qoyunlu and was a fourth-generation direct descendant of Qara Iskander (r.1421-1436). In the 16th century, he migrated from Iran to Delhi with his uncle, Allah-Quli, some of his relatives and friends. Later he migrated south, to the Deccan and served the Bahmani sultan, Mahmood Shah Bahmani II, who was of Afghan Origin. He established and declared the independence of the Sultanate of Golconda after the disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate into the five Deccan sultanates.