Kingdom of Shirvan

存在时间: 861 年—1538 年
首都: 巴库、沙马基、Shirvan
类型: 历史国家
所在大洲: 亚洲
简述: historical country in the southeastern Caucasus

The Shirvanshahs (singular: Shirvanshah, from Persian شروان‌شاهان, lit. 'king of Shirvan') were the rulers of Shirvan (in present-day Azerbaijan) from 861 to 1538. Their realm was referred to as the Kingdom of Shirvan (Persian: پادشاهی شروان; Arabic: مملكة شروان) in writings completed during or shortly after its existence.

The first ruling line were the Yazidids, an originally Arab and later Persianized dynasty of the Banu Shayban that emerged from the military and political elite of the Abbasid Caliphate. The family became established in the eastern Caucasus through successive Abbasid governorships and acquired hereditary possessions in the region before the weakening of effective Abbasid authority in 861 allowed Haytham ibn Khalid to rule Shirvan autonomously as Shirvanshah.

The Yazidids later became known as the Kasranids (also referred to as the Khaqanids). The second ruling line were the Darbandids, distant relatives of the Yazidids/Kasranids.

The Shirvanshahs ruled from 861 to 1538, one of the most enduring dynasties of the Islamic world. At times they were independent, often they had to recognize the overlordship of neighbouring empires. The dynasty is known for its patronage of culture, such as during the 12th century, when their realm served as the focal point for Persian literature, attracting distinguished poets such as Khaqani, Nizami Ganjavi, Falaki Shirvani, etc. In 1382, the Shirvanshahs' throne was taken by Ibrahim I (r. 1382–1417), thus marking the start of the Darbandid line.

The Shirvanshahs' realm flourished in the 15th century, during the long reigns of Khalilullah I (r. 1417–1463) and Farrukh Yasar (r. 1463–1500). In 1500, the latter was defeated and killed by the forces of the Safavid leader Ismail I, who kept the Shirvanshahs as Safavid vassals.……

详细介绍

Background

The territory that made up Shirvan proper included the easternmost peaks of the Caucasus mountain range and the terrain that descended from them to the banks of the Kur River and its confluent the Araxes River. Shirvan proper thus bordered Muqan to the south, Shakki to the northwest, Arran to the west, and Layzan to the north. The Shirvanshahs, throughout their history, made persistent efforts to also control Layzan, Quba, Maskat and Bab al-Abwab (Darband) to the north, and Baku to the south.

The title Shirvanshah most likely dates back to the period before the rise of Islam. The early Muslim geographer Ibn Khordadbeh (died 913) mentions that the first Sasanian ruler, Ardashir I (r. 224–242), granted the title to a local ruler of Shirvan.……

History

First line (861–1382)

The first line of the Shirvanshahs were the Yazidids (also known as the Mazyadids), descended from Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani (died 801), a member of the Banu Shayban tribe that was dominant in the region of Diyar Bakr in the northern Jazira. He was twice appointed the governor of Arminiya by the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809). During his second tenure, his domain also included Azerbaijan, Shirvan and Darband. The first Yazidi to use the title of Shirvanshah was Yazid's grandson Haytham ibn Khalid in 861, who was also the first Yazidi to specifically govern only Shirvan. By using this title, the Yazidids showed their adherence to ancient Iranian ideals.

The Arab Hashimid family in Darband played a major role in the history of the Yazidids.……

Culture

Shirvan was originally part of Caucasian Albania, which during the Sasanian era was linguistically dominated by Middle Persian, which served as its official language. One of the successor languages of Middle Persian is Tati Persian, which was commonly spoken in the Shirvanshahs' realm. It was not only spoken by Muslims, but also by Christians and Jews. The Iranians that settled in Southern Caucasus must have been mainly from southern Caspian areas like Gilan, as indicated by names such as Shirvan, Layzan, and Baylaqan. By the 10th century, the Shirvanshahs were speaking Iranian languages that had developed from Middle Persian dialects, such as Tati. Like the other regional dynasties of the Shaddadids and Rawadids, their court also started using Dari Persian.

Military

Information about the military of the Shirvanshahs is sparse. Like Armenian and Georgian principalities, they mostly made use of mercenaries. When Shamakhi was besieged by the Shaddadid ruler Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Fadl (r. 1022–1067) in 1063, fifty cavalry soldiers of the Shirvanshah were killed, described as being composed of "Lakzian stalwarts and *Diduwanian (?) noblemen". The Shirvanshahs also had a regular army, as well as naulatiya levies who served in the garrison of Mihyariya, rotating every month. The ghulams (slave-soldiers) most likely served as the royal guard of the Shirvanshah.

正文摘自英文维基百科（原文为英文，未翻译）「Shirvanshahs」（节选，删去了参考文献、表格和图片），按 CC BY-SA 4.0 使用；在维基百科读全文 ›