秘鲁独立战争

The Peruvian War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de Independencia del Perú) was a series of military conflicts in Peru from 1809 to 1826. Part of the broader Spanish American wars of independence, it led to the dissolution of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru and the emergence of Peru as an independent state on 28 July 1821. The Battle of Ayacucho in 1824 secured the independence of Peru and definitively ended Spanish rule in South America. However, Peru achieved full sovereignty only after the end of Simon Bolívar's influence and the Gran Colombian military occupation. His Federation of the Andes project was discarded and the last Gran Colombian garrison returned the Real Felipe Fortress to the Peruvians on 16 February 1827.

Throughout the colonial period of Peru, there were several social uprisings, though none constituted a true independence movement. The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II, although not the first or the last, was the most significant and culminated in violent repression by the viceregal authorities. This uprising erupted in response to the Bourbon Reforms and was the first time that viceregal documents used the term "insurgents." It was also a movement that proclaimed the abolition of slavery in Peru. However, there is debate as to whether the purpose of this rebellion was truly independence or a revolution of the viceregal social order.

The Atlantic liberal revolutions transformed the political map of both America and Europe. French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's 1808 invasion of Spain resulted in the abdications of Charles IV and Ferdinand VII in favour of Joseph Bonaparte. In Spanish America, autonomous governments arose in the power vacuum and instability of mainland Spain in Europe.……

Background

Some of the early Spanish conquistadors who explored Peru made the first attempts for independence from the Spanish crown. They tried to liberate themselves from the Viceroyalty, who governed on behalf of the king of Castile. Throughout the eighteenth century, there were several indigenous uprisings against colonial rule and their treatment by the colonial authorities.……

Junta movements and uprisings (1809–1814)

Despite the royalist tendencies of Upper Peru and overall lack of political unrest from the general public between the end of the Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (which ended in 1783) and 1808, junta movements did emerge.……

Tacna rebellion (1811)

The first significant attempt of an armed rebellion was the 1811 Tacna rebellion, led by Francisco Antonio de Zela.……

Huánuco rebellion (1812)

Another significant movement, led by natives in Huánuco, began on 22 February 1812.……

Consolidation of Royalist power (1815–1820)

After the squashing of the aforementioned rebellion, Peru remained firmly in the hands of the Royalists.

Reinforced with the royalist regiments of Lima and Arequipa, and expeditionary elements from Europe, the Viceroy of Peru organised several expeditions against the Patriots in Chile, Bolivia and Argentina.……

Liberation campaigns of San Martín and Bolívar (1820–1825)

Liberating Expedition and the Peruvian Republic (1820-1822)

To achieve the liberation of Peru, leaders of Argentina and Chile signed a treaty on 5 February 1819 to prepare for an invasion. General José de San Martín believed that the liberation of Argentina would not be secure until the Royalist stronghold in Peru was defeated, thus moving focus to the region.

Peruvian campaign

The internal pacification of the Viceroyalty of Peru allowed the Viceroy to organize two expeditions against the Chilean patriots, composed of royalist regiments from Arequipa and Lima and European expeditionary battalions.……

Aftermath

The independence of Peru was an important chapter in the Hispano-American wars of independence. Spain renounced all their continental American territories ten years later in 1836 leaving very little of its vast empire intact.

Political dependence on Spain had been severed, but Peru was still economically dependent on Europe.……

Social consequences

The struggle for independence in 18th and 19th century Peru was a complex and multifaceted process, marked by indigenous uprisings, colonial resistance, and the emergence of strong regional identities.……