约翰·潘兴

荣誉

美国内华达州一个县被命名为潘兴县。

美军于二战末开发了一款新型中型坦克，以其命名为M26潘兴坦克。

美军将一款中程弹道导弹以其命名为潘兴Ⅰ中程弹道导弹和潘兴Ⅱ中程弹道导弹。

John Joseph Pershing (13 September 1860 – 15 July 1948), nicknamed "Black Jack", was a senior United States Army officer. He served as the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) during World War I from 1917 to 1920. In addition to leading the AEF to victory in World War I, Pershing served as a mentor to many in the generation of generals who led the Army during World War II, including George C. Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, Lesley J. McNair, George S. Patton, and Douglas MacArthur.

During his command in World War I, Pershing resisted British and French demands that American forces be integrated with their armies, essentially as replacement units, and insisted that the AEF would operate as a single unit under his command, although some American units fought under British and Australian command, notably in the Battle of Hamel and the breaching of the Hindenburg Line at St Quentin Canal, precipitating the final German collapse. Pershing also allowed (at that time segregated) American all-black units to be integrated with the French Army.

Pershing's soldiers first saw serious battle at Cantigny, Chateau-Thierry, and Belleau Wood on 1–26 June 1918, and Soissons on 18–22 July 1918. To speed up the arrival of American troops, they embarked for France leaving heavy equipment behind, and used British and French tanks, artillery, airplanes and other munitions. In September 1918 at St. Mihiel, the First Army was directly under Pershing's command; it overwhelmed the salient – the encroachment into Allied territory – that the German Army had held for three years.……

Early life

Pershing was born on a farm near Laclede, Missouri, on 13 September 1860, the son of farmer and store owner John Fletcher Pershing and homemaker Ann Elizabeth Thompson. Pershing's great-grandfather, Frederick Pfoerschin, emigrated from Alsace and arrived in Philadelphia in 1749.……

West Point years

Pershing was sworn in as a West Point cadet in July 1882. He was selected early for leadership positions and became successively First Corporal, First Sergeant, First Lieutenant, and First Captain, the highest possible cadet rank.……

Early career

Pershing reported for active duty on 30 September 1887, and was assigned to Troop L of the 6th U.S. Cavalry stationed at Fort Bayard, in the New Mexico Territory.……

West Point instructor

In 1897, Pershing was appointed to the West Point tactical staff as an instructor, where he was assigned to Cadet Company A. Because of his strictness and rigidity, Pershing was unpopular with the cadets, who took to calling him "Nigger Jack" because of his service with the 10th Cavalry.

Spanish– and Philippine–American wars

At the start of the Spanish–American War, First Lieutenant Pershing was the regimental quartermaster for the 10th Cavalry. His duties as quartermaster had him unloading supplies at Daiquiri, Cuba on 24 June.……

Rise to general

In June 1903, Pershing was ordered to return to the United States. President Theodore Roosevelt, taken by Pershing's ability, petitioned the Army General Staff to promote Pershing to colonel.……

Pancho Villa and Mexico

On 20 December 1913, Pershing received orders to take command of the 8th Brigade at the Presidio in San Francisco.……

Death of wife Frances and daughters

After a year at Fort Bliss, Pershing decided to take his family there.……

Commander of Villa expedition

On 15 March 1916, Pershing led an expedition into Mexico to capture Pancho Villa.……

World War I

At the start of the United States' involvement in World War I, President Woodrow Wilson considered mobilizing an army to join the fight.……

Later career

In September 1919, in recognition of his distinguished service during World War I, the U.S.……

Death

On 15 July 1948, Pershing died of coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure at age 87 at Walter Reed General Hospital in Washington, D.C., which was his home after 1944.……

Personal life and family

Pershing was a Freemason, a member of Lincoln Lodge No. 19, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Francis Pershing (son)

Colonel Francis Warren Pershing (1909–1980), Pershing's son, served in the Second World War as an advisor to the Army Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall.……

Nita Patton (fiancée)

In 1917, two years after the deaths of his wife Helen and three daughters, Pershing courted Anne Wilson "Nita" Patton, the younger sister of his protégé, George S.……

Legacy

Pershing Barracks at the United States Military Academy, West Point, NY.

Pershing Arena, Pershing Society, Pershing Hall, and the Pershing Scholarships of Truman State University in Kirksville, Missouri (Pershing's former college)

Summary of service

Assignment history

• 1882: Cadet, United States Military Academy
• 1886: Troop L, Sixth Cavalry
• 1891: Professor of tactics, University of Nebraska
• 1895: 1st lieutenant, 10th Cavalry Regiment

1897: Instructor, United States Military Academy, West Point

1898: Major of Volunteer Forces, Cuban Campaign, Spanish–American War

Honors and awards

Distinguished Service Cross Citation