朱塞佩·马志尼

Giuseppe Mazzini (22 June 1805 – 10 March 1872) was an Italian politician, lawyer, journalist, philosopher, and political activist who worked for the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) and was a major leader of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the independent and unified Italy in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century. An Italian nationalist in the historical radical tradition and a proponent of a republicanism of social-democratic inspiration, Mazzini "helped define the European movement for popular democracy in a republican state." He is widely known as the "Prophet of Italian Nationalism".

Mazzini's thoughts influenced the Italian and European republican movements, the Constitution of Italy, and Europeanism, as well as later political leaders including Benito Mussolini, who was later the Fascist leader of Italy, former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, former U.K. Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Indian independence movement figures such as Subhas Chandra Bose, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the founder of Hindutva. His ideas also influenced Sun Yat-sen, former President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912–1913), and founder of the Three Principles of the People (also known as Tridemism). In addition, Giuseppe Garibaldi, one of his most devoted followers, was deeply inspired by Mazzini's revolutionary vision and later played a decisive role in the Risorgimento through his military campaigns.

However, Mazzini's methods were often criticised, as his reliance on secret revolutionary groups and uprisings led to repeated failures and repression.……

Biography

Early years

Mazzini was born in Genoa, which had recently been annexed by the First French Empire. His father Giacomo Mazzini, originally from Chiavari, was a university professor who had adhered to Jacobin ideology, while his mother Maria Drago was renowned for her beauty and religious Jansenist fervour. From a very early age, Mazzini showed good learning qualities as well as a precocious interest in politics and literature. He was admitted to university at the age of 14, graduating in law in 1826 and initially practised as a "poor man's lawyer".……

Failed insurrections

In 1831, Mazzini went to Marseille, where he became a popular figure among the Italian exiles.……

Ideology

An Italian nationalist, Mazzini was a fervent advocate of republicanism and envisioned a united, free and independent Italy. Unlike his contemporary Giuseppe Garibaldi, who was also a republican, Mazzini refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the House of Savoy until after the Capture of Rome. He and his followers were sensitive to the question of social justice, starting a dialogue with socialism, and Mazzini in particular finding many affinities with the Saint-Simonians.……

Legacy

Mazzini's socio-political thought has been referred to as Mazzinianism and his worldview as the Mazzinian conception, terms that were later used by Mussolini and Italian fascists, such as Giovanni Gentile, to describe their political ideology and spiritual conception of life.

In the first volume of his Reminiscences, Carl Schurz gives a biographical sketch of Mazzini and recalls two meetings he had with him when they were both in London in 1851. While the book 10,000 Famous Freemasons by William R.……

Works

Warfare Against (1825)

On Nationality (1852)

A Cosmopolitanism of Nations: Giuseppe Mazzini's Writings on Democracy, Nation Building, and International Relations Recchia, Stefano, and Urbinati, Nadia, editors. Princeton University Press, 2009.

Articles

"Is it Revolt or a Revolution?" in Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, June 1840, pp. 385–390