1946年－1947年苏联饥荒

历史

此次饥荒开始于1946年7月，于1947年2月至8月达到顶峰，原因是因为碰上了过度开发导致的干旱，同时苏联因为支援战争的损失，以及为了欧洲重建的政治目的而超收粮食而导致。尽管1948年仍有死亡出现，不过此时饥荒强度已经大为减小。此次饥荒据称导致了一百万至一百五十万人的死亡，不过也有历史学家称此次饥荒导致了几十万人的死亡。斯大林的治理遭受了很多批判，所以他后来又积极在苏联展开了环境保护运动，提出了斯大林的自然改造大计划，此后则再也没有饥荒。

The Soviet famine of 1946–1947 was a major famine in the Soviet Union. It was also the last famine in Soviet and Russian history.

The estimates of victim numbers vary, ranging from several hundred thousand to 2 million. Recent estimates from historian Cormac Ó Gráda, state that 900,000 perished during the famine. Regions that were especially affected included the Ukrainian SSR with 300,000 dead, and the Moldavian SSR with 100,000 dead. Other parts of the Soviet Union such as the Russian SFSR and the Byelorussian SSR were also affected with 500,000 deaths. Elsewhere, malnutrition was widespread but famine was averted. The famine is notable for very high levels of child mortality.

The famine has been attributed in part to the effects of World War II, and in part on government policy. The war had destroyed part of the country's agricultural infrastructure, and the post-war demobilization of the Soviet troops is thought to have caused a new baby boom. The increase of the population at the time of an already ongoing food shortage was one of the causes of the famine. A severe drought in 1946 resulted in a poor harvest, while the Soviet government raised the food prices and made food unaffordable. The government continued exporting food during the famine, and declined to seek international assistance.

Causes

Several leading causes of the famine have been identified by historians.

World War II resulted in massive infrastructural damage, especially in the agriculture in the west of the country, as well as over 25 million deaths among the Soviet citizenry. The return of demobilized troops from the war resulted in a concurrent spike in births that the system was unprepared for. The hardships of the war, especially food shortages, lasted beyond August 1945 and were still pressing issues in summer of 1946.

Background

The Soviet famine was the third and final of the major Soviet famines which occurred between the 1920s and the 1940s.

This "triune famine" resulted in millions of casualties by starvation, and it also left lasting cultural and economic scars on the affected regions. Michael Ellman counts the time which spanned the years from 1941 to 1945, during World War II, as its own famine, which would make the famine of 1946–1947 the fourth rather than the third major famine.……

History

General history

Early breakdowns in the food distribution system were already visible by December 1945 and January 1946, where bread quality was decreasing and waiting times in front of stores and bakeries grew. Economic goals for food production were unrealistically high, and the bread factories at times fell several tons short of the daily production goals over weeklong periods. Fuel shortages additionally slowed deliveries. In early December 1945, the food distributions at time stayed at under 50% of the planned levels.……

Timeline

1891 to 1892: Russian famine of 1891–1892.

1917: Russian Revolution.

1917 to 1922: Russian Civil War.

1921 to 1922: Russian famine of 1921–1922.

1932 to 1933: Soviet famine of 1932–1933 (in Ukraine: "Holodomor").

22 June 1941: Operation Barbarossa, entry of the Soviet Union into World War II.

1943: Establishment of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA).

8 May 1945: Germany surrenders, ending World War II in Europe.

2 September 1945: Japan surrenders, ending World War II.

Cultural legacy

Within the context of Soviet famines, the 1946–1947 famine is often overshadowed by the amount of attention given to the 1932–1933 famine.

Moldova

Moldova (known as the Moldavian SSR at the time) was perhaps the only part of the Soviet Union that was more affected by the 1946–1947 famine than it was by either the 1921–1922 or the 1932–1933 famines, as modern Moldova was annexed by the USSR as recently as 1940.……

Ukraine

The Soviet famines (particularly the Soviet famine of 1932–1933, the local Ukrainian variant being known as "Holodomor") resulted in lasting and severe cultural and demographic damages in Ukraine, with accusations of genocide by the Soviet government gaining traction after national independence.……