史鉴- 时间
- 1876 年 11 月 28 日—2002 年 5 月 25 日
- 国家 / 地区
- 墨西哥
- 类型
- 时代
- 简述
- period of Mexican history
The Porfiriato or Porfirismo (, Spanish: [poɾfiˈɾjato]), coined by Mexican historian Daniel Cosío Villegas, is a term given to the period when General Porfirio Díaz ruled Mexico first as a president within a constitutional framework, and later, after 1884 (especially following the purging of the Congress into a rubber stamp in 1886 after the dissent on the English debt crisis), under an authoritarian military dictatorship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Seizing power in a coup in 1876, Díaz pursued a policy of "order and progress", inviting foreign investment in Mexico and maintaining social and political order, by force if necessary. There were significant economic, technological, social, and cultural changes during this period.
As Díaz approached his 80th birthday in 1910, having been continuously elected since 1884, he still had not put in place a plan for his succession. The fraudulent 1910 elections are usually seen as the end of the Porfiriato. Violence broke out, Díaz was forced to resign and go into exile, and Mexico experienced a decade of regional civil war, the Mexican Revolution.
详细介绍
Porfiriato as a historical period
Historians have investigated the era of Díaz's presidency as a cohesive historical period based on political transitions.……
Political order
Starting with Díaz's second term (1884–1888), following the interregnum of President González, the regime has been characterized as a dictatorship, with no opponents of Díaz elected to Congress and Díaz staying in office with undemocratic elections.……
Philosophy
Díaz himself was a pragmatic politician, but Mexican intellectuals sought to articulate a rationale for their form of liberalism.……
Economy
Mexico at the beginning of the Porfiriato was a predominantly rural nation, with large estate owners controlling agricultural production for the local and regional food market.……
Labor
Craft artisan organizations already existed when Díaz came to power in 1876, as mutualist organizations or worker benevolent societies, and conducted strikes.……
Social class, gender roles, and citizenry
During the Porfiriato a new type of public social life emerged. The Porfiriato was a period of unprecedented change in arts, vitality, and material wellbeing. Local economies were connected when the railroads were constructed.……
Education
Liberals created a secular educational system to counter the religious influence of the Roman Catholic Church. Public schools had been established during the period of Benito Juárez, but expanded during the Porfiriato after the defeat of the French monarchy and their Mexican Catholic allies.……
Public health
Public health became an important issue for the Mexican government, which viewed a healthy population as important for economic development. Government investment in public health was seen as part of Mexico's overall project of modernization.……
Penal reform
Mexico City's main jail was a former convent, Belem Prison, that was repurposed several times before becoming a prison for both women and men. It was filthy, poorly run, and a symbol of the order.……
Culture
During the Porfiriato, urban Mexican elites became more cosmopolitan, with their consumer tastes for imported fashion styles and goods being considered an indicator of Mexico's modernity, with France being the embodiment of the sophistication they admired.……
Religion
The mid-nineteenth century had been riven by conflict between the Catholic Church and the liberal State. The liberals' Mexican Constitution of 1857 had established separation of church and state, and there were strong anti-clerical articles of the constitution.……
Historical memory
During the Díaz regime, the state began to take control over the cultural patrimony of Mexico, expanding the National Museum of Anthropology as the central repository of artifacts from Mexico's archeological sites, as well as asserting control over the sites themselves.……
1910 Centennial of Independence
The official centennial festivities were concentrated in the month of September, but there were events during the centennial year outside of September. In September the central core of Mexico City was decorated and lit with electric lights many bedecked with flowers.……
Coup d'état and end of Porfiriato, 1910–1911
The centenary celebrations were the swansong of Díaz's regime. Presidential-challenger Francisco I. Madero had been jailed during the 1910 presidential elections, but he escaped north across the U.S. border in Texas.……
正文摘自英文维基百科（原文为英文，未翻译）「Porfiriato」（节选，删去了参考文献、表格和图片），按 CC BY-SA 4.0 使用；在维基百科读全文 ›
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