围攻莫斯科

背景

别儿迪别死后，金帐汗国陷入无政府状态，各地也有人称汗，在此期间权臣马麦控制汗国。然而，在1380马麦被莫斯科大公德米特里·顿斯科伊在顿河流域的库里科沃原野击败，不久在卡法被暗杀。然而，在1378白帐汗斡儿答后人脱脱迷失在帖木儿支持下成为白帐汗国可汗再统一金帐汗国。

攻城

1382年脱脱迷失要求罗斯公国恢复纳贡，8月23日围困莫斯科。他放消息只要投降就不会伤害这个城市，说服莫斯科人打开城门，在这种情况下三天后莫斯科人打开城门，鞑靼人入城后杀了24000人。

劫后余生

这场战争后蒙古人恢复了对俄罗斯的统治，重新建立了金帐汗国的地区大国地位。但他做出了发动战争反对他的支持国帖木儿的灾难性决定，之后金帐汗国一蹶不振。

The siege of Moscow in 1382 was a battle between the Principality of Moscow and Tokhtamysh, khan of the Golden Horde.

In August 1382, Tokhtamysh led a large army toward Moscow. At that time, Prince Dmitry Donskoy was not in the city as he was seeking assistance from other Russian territories. As a result, Moscow's defense was left in the hands of the people and a small garrison. Tokhtamysh used deception to breach Moscow’s defenses. He pretended to come in peace and promised that if the people of Moscow surrendered, they would be spared. However, once the city gates were opened, the Mongol-Tatar forces stormed in and carried out a brutal massacre.

After entering the city, the Mongol forces destroyed buildings, plundered valuables, and killed thousands of residents. It is estimated that around 24,000 people in Moscow perished during this event. The city was also burned to the ground, and many survivors were taken captive and transported to the Golden Horde as slaves. On the way back, one of the Horde's detachments was attacked by Russians and was defeated, although Tokhtamysh's main army avoided the battle.

This brutality demonstrated that the Golden Horde still had the power to suppress and control Russian territories, despite their earlier setback at the Battle of Kulikovo.

The attack reaffirmed the Golden Horde dominance over Russia. Following Moscow’s destruction, Dmitry Donskoy was forced to submit once again to the Golden Horde and resume paying tribute to avoid further attacks.

Background

The siege of Moscow in 1382 was motivated by khan Tokhtamysh's desire to punish Muscovy for its audacity to challenge the authority of the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). Even though it was his rival warlord Mamai who was defeated at Kulikovo, and Tokhtamysh personally defeated Mamai the next year at the Battle of the Kalka River (1381) to become the undisputed khan of the Golden Horde, he wanted to make Moscow an example of what happened if anyone dared defy Mongol supremacy over the principalities. Tokhtamysh allied himself (in part through coercion) with the princes of Tver, Ryazan, and Nizhny Novgorod against Muscovy, and launched a surprise attack on the city in 1382.……

Siege

The Muscovite defenders are recorded to have used traditional weapons such as arrows and boiling water, with some sources claiming that they also employed early firearms with gunpowder.

The princes of Nizhniy Novgorod, who were the brothers-in-law of Dmitry Donskoy, tricked the Muscovite citizens into surrendering the city. This happened when they opened the gates to the Mongols and their Rus' allies on 26 August 1382, whereupon they immediately sacked the city. According to Crummey (1987, 2014), the besiegers lured Ostei out of the fortress under the pretense of seeking negotiations, killed him, and then broke into the Muscovite citadel, put many of its defenders to the sword, and destroyed large parts of Moscow city. Tokhtamysh ordered his troops to also pillage many smaller towns in the surrounding region afterwards. These included Serpukhov, Pereyaslavl, and Kolomna.……

Aftermath

Dmitri Donskoy was forced to reaffirm his allegiance to the Golden Horde, and resumed paying the tribute (which was probably increased as punishment). Although Tokhtamysh did not deprive Donskoy of the title of grand prince of Vladimir, he did take his son Vasily hostage for several years (until he escaped upon his second attempt, and imposed a heavy tribute on all of Vladimir-Suzdalia).

Kirpichnikov stated: "There is no dispute that Tokhtamysh's invasion of Moscow slowed the unification of the country and revived the separatism of some local rulers who rival the grand duke."