代顿协议

内容

代顿协议的重点如下：

维持波斯尼亚和赫塞哥维纳领土不变成为采取邦联制度的国家，波黑联邦（穆克联邦）占有51%的领土，剩下的49%由塞族共和国所管理。

两边的政治实体设立其独自的总统和总理，在此之上设置一个全国性的两院制的立法机构和中央银行。

连接波斯尼亚东部和北边塞族共和国的布尔奇科地区由国际仲裁团决定其归属。

联合国部队以外的其他部队都必须要于30天内撤出，由联合国的维和部队监督停火，控制领空和执行协议等多方面的工作则由北约的部队来管理，该部队被称为“多国军事执行部队”，享有充分的执行权和在波斯尼亚赫塞哥维纳境内行动的自由。

和平协议在巴黎签署后六至九个月内中央政府和两方分别举行选举。

设立人权委员会调查违反人权的情况。

被国际法庭指控为战犯者不得参选公职。

The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement or the Dayton Accords (Serbo-Croatian: Dejtonski mirovni sporazum / Дејтонски мировни споразум), and colloquially known as the Dayton (Serbo-Croatian: Dejton / Дејтон), is the peace agreement ending the three-and-a-half-year-long Bosnian War, an armed conflict part of the larger Yugoslav Wars. It was signed on 21 November 1995 in Dayton, Ohio, United States, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. It was re-signed ceremonially in Paris, France, on 14 December 1995.

The warring parties agreed to peace and to a single sovereign state known as Bosnia and Herzegovina composed of two parts: the largely Serb-populated Republika Srpska and mainly Croat-Bosniak-populated Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnia and Herzegovina entered into the related arms control treaty, the Florence Agreement, in 1996 under the Accords. The Dayton followed the Washington Agreement, signed the year prior, in collective efforts to delineate the country's geography.

Praised for establishing lasting peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Dayton Accords have also been criticized for creating an unduly complex political governance system in the country, as well as entrenching regional ethnic cleansing.

Negotiation and signature

Though basic elements of the Dayton Agreement were proposed in international talks as early as 1992, these negotiations were initiated following the unsuccessful previous peace efforts and arrangements, the August 1995 Croatian military Operation Storm and its aftermath, the government military offensive against the Republika Srpska, conducted in parallel with NATO's Operation Deliberate Force.……

Content

The agreement's main purpose is to promote peace and stability in Bosnia and Herzegovina and to endorse regional balance in and around the former Yugoslavia (Article V, annex 1-B).

The present political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its structure of government were agreed upon (Annex 4). A key component of this was the delineation of the Inter-Entity Boundary Line to which many of the tasks listed in the Annexes referred.

Territorial changes

Before the agreement, Bosnian Serbs controlled about 46% of Bosnia and Herzegovina (23,687 km2), Bosniaks 28% (14,505 km2) and Bosnian Croats 25% (12,937 km2).

Bosnian Serbs got large tracts of mountainous territories back (4% from Bosnian Croats and some small amounts from Bosniaks), but they had to surrender Sarajevo and some vital Eastern Bosnian/Herzegovian positions. Their percentage grew to 49% (48% by excluding the Brčko District, 24,526 km2).

Control of Republika Srpska

About 89.5% (22,059 km2) was under control of Bosnian Serbs

Control of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Cantons

Herzeg-Bosnian Canton (Canton 10):

Appraisals

The immediate purpose of the agreement was to freeze the military confrontation and prevent it from resuming. It was therefore defined as a "construction of necessity".

The Dayton Agreement was aimed at allowing Bosnia and Herzegovina to move from an early post-conflict phase through reconstruction and consolidation, adopting a consociational power-sharing approach. Scholars such as Canadian professor Charles-Philippe David calls Dayton "the most impressive example of conflict resolution". American scholar Howard M.……

Disappearance of the Serbian and Bosnian copy

The copy that belonged to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (now Serbia) is believed to have disappeared or burned during the NATO bombing of 1999 or in October 2000 when it allegedly disappeared during the chaotic protests and popular overthrow of the regime of Slobodan Milošević, during which government buildings and archives were looted.……