联盟驻伊拉克临时管理当局

Iraq came under United States military occupation following the invasion of the country on 20 March 2003 by U.S.-led Coalition forces that marked the fall of the Ba'athist regime led by Saddam Hussein. As a result, the U.S. formed the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) that served as the transitional government established in May 2003 under the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483 (2003) and the laws of war, and vested itself with executive, legislative, and judiciary authority over the Iraqi government from the period of the CPA's inception on 21 April 2003 until its dissolution on 28 June 2004.

The CPA was heavily criticized for its mismanagement of funds allocated to the reconstruction of post-invasion Iraq, with over $8 billion of these unaccounted for, including over $1.6 billion in cash that emerged in a bunker in Lebanon. The CPA has been described as a puppet government of the United States.

History of the CPA

The Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA) was established on 20 January 2003 by the United States government two months before the 2003 invasion of Iraq. It was intended to act as a caretaker administration in Iraq until the creation of a democratically elected civilian government.

Structure of the CPA

The CPA's structure was divided into four geographic regions. CPA North was headquartered in the northern Iraqi city of Erbil, CPA Central in Baghdad at Saddam's former Republican Palace, CPA South Central in the Iraqi city of Hillah near the ruins of Babylon and CPA South in the southern Iraqi city of Basra. Each region operated semi-autonomously, and all four had the same common goals for reconstruction of the country.……

CPA Program Review Board

The Program Review Board (PRB) was an eleven-member board that consisted of ten staff members from the CPA and one member of the Iraqi Governing Council.……

Privatization of Iraq's economy

Prior to US occupation, Iraq had a centrally planned economy. Among other things, it prohibited foreign ownership of Iraqi businesses, ran most large industries as state-owned enterprises, and imposed large tariffs to keep out foreign goods. After the invasion of Iraq, the CPA quickly began issuing many binding orders privatizing Iraq's economy and opening it up to foreign investment.

Criticism of financial management

In May 2003, the CPA took over the responsibility for administering the Development Fund for Iraq (DFI). Established from the earlier UN oil-for-food program, the CPA was authorized to manage the DFI, which took in approximately $20 billion in the year after the invasion.……

Human Rights under the CPA

Human rights under the CPA and American occupation suffered. During the counter-insurgency, US soldiers were reported of executing wounded or captured rebels, using excessive force against civilians and forcing civilians into battle zones, resulting in what Mabon was the breakdown of Iraqi social fabric. The Iraqi Interim Government created by the CPA was authoritarian.……

Reconstruction

Although the CPA awarded contracts for essential reconstruction to American firms, some critics claim those firms did relatively little work. Bechtel, for instance, was awarded the contract to repair the Iraqi sewage and drinking water plants. Yet as of 2019, many Iraqis remain without safe drinking water or adequate supplies of electricity.……

Administrators of the CPA

Jay Garner (21 April 2003 – 12 May 2003)as Director of the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance

Paul Bremer (12 May 2003 – 28 June 2004)

Richard Jones (U.S. diplomat), Deputy Administrator

Rear Admiral David J. Nash, U.S. Navy (ret.), Director of the Program Management Office

Major General Ronald L. Johnson, U.S. Army, Deputy Director of the Program Management Office