青帐汗国

创始

1242年，术赤次子拔都在萨莱（今伏尔加河下游阿斯特拉罕附近）定都，正式建立钦察汗国（又称金帐汗国），而其兄斡儿答则建白帐汗国。至于拔都的弟弟昔班（术赤的第五个儿子）在西征欧洲时立了大功，拔都分给了他一片领地，昔班便在乌拉尔山以东的鄂毕河与额尔齐斯河之间建立了他自己的营帐，版图最远至哈萨克的阿克托贝，称蓝帐汗国。

倾覆

脱脱迷失时代，白帐汗国向西移，蓝帐汗国随昔班家族向南移以至渐渐接近河中农业区。在昔班尼时代入主河中，维持一百年直到1599年昔班家族绝后为止。而没有移居河中的昔班家族后人则和台不花别吉的后人交替管辖西伯利亚汗国，直至被俄罗斯沙皇国征服。

青帐汗国可汗

• 昔班
• 勒哈都儿
• 哲齐不花
• 巴答忽儿
• 蒙哥·帖木儿
• 爱别汗
• 合罕别
• 弗拉德
• 易卜拉欣·欧兰
• 道拉特·谢赫
• 阿布海儿
• 谢赫布达克

昔班尼（布哈拉汗国）

• 阿拉伯·沙
• 哈只·图里
• 帖木儿·谢赫

雅迪格尔（希瓦汗国）

• 比克·坎地·欧兰
• 哈桑·汗
• 阿里·欧兰
• 哈只·穆罕默德
• 马哈茂迭客

伊巴克汗（西伯利亚汗国）

The Blue Horde was a crucial component of the Mongol Empire established after Genghis Khan's demise in 1227. Functioning as the eastern part of the split Golden Horde, it contrasted with the White Horde's western segment (see the Turkic cardinal system), adhering to the Mongolian and Turkic tradition of cardinal direction colors.

The problem of identifying the color of the hordes

In historiography, there are contradictory uses of the color terminology in medieval sources.

The Eastern part of the Golden Horde

According to the traditional point of view in Russian chronicles, the Blue Horde is seen as the eastern part of the Golden Horde, which was being found in the allegiance on west, and which was being governed by the descendants of Orda Khan. After the succession struggle of Batu's line in the 1360's, known as the "Great Troubles", the authority of both parts of the Golden Horde was passed to the eastern Jochids.

According to Russian chronicles, the Blue Horde was located to the east of the Volga and is mentioned twice: the first time in connection with the great troubles, which was completed by the accession of Tokhtamysh ("tsar from blue horde"), and the second – with the invasion of Timur in 1395.

[...]In the horde: to powerful khan, Temir Aksak, from the East, from Blue Horde, the land of Samarkhiyskia, and is much confusion and mutiny to voivods in the horde and in Russia by his advent.……

The Western part of the Golden Horde

According to the less popular and alternative point of view, the Blue Horde, on the contrary, corresponds to the western part of the Jochid Ulus (Golden Horde).……

Foundation

Batu Khan effectively founded the Blue Horde upon the withdrawal from Europe in 1242 and by 1245, Sarai, the capital of the Blue Horde had been founded on the lower Volga. At the same time, the eastern lands of the Golden Horde were administered by Batu's older brother Orda, and these came to be known as the White Horde. Batu asserted his control over the Russian principalities after sacking the cities of Vladimir in 1238 and Kiev in 1240, forcing them to pay annual tribute and accept his nominations as princes.

Golden Age

The Blue Horde stretched from the Ural River to the mouths of the Danube and the Carpathian. It exacted tribute from most of the Russian principalities and carried raids as far west as Poland and as far south as Iran and Bulgaria.

Starting with the conversion of Berke to Islam, the Blue Horde made a traditional alliance with the Mamluks of Egypt against their common rival, the Il-Khans.

From the 1280s until 1299, the Blue Horde was effectively under the control of two khans, the legitimate khans and Nogai Khan, a warlord and kingmaker, who made an alliance with the Byzantine Empire and invaded countries bordering the Blue Horde, particularly in the Balkans. Nogai's pre-eminence was ended by the assertion of the legitimate Khan Toqta, and the Blue Horde reached the apex of its power and prosperity during the reigns of Uzbeg Khan (Öz Beg) and his son Jani Beg in the middle of the 14th century, when it intervened in the affairs of the disintegrating Ilkhanate.

Fall

The Blue Horde remained strong from its foundation (around 1240) until the 1350s. Problems in the west of the horde led to the eventual losses of Wallachia, Dobruja, Moldavia and the western Ukraine and the vassal principalities west of Kiev, losing those lands to Lithuania after being defeated by its army in the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362, and Poland. The death of Jani Beg led to the Blue Horde entering into a prolonged civil war, with concurrent khans fighting each other and holding no real power. At the same time, Mamai turned kingmaker in the Blue Horde. During this time, Vasily I of Moscow took advantage of the infighting and stopped paying tribute to the Horde, though the Horde still carried out some attacks on Moscow such as a raid in 1408.

It was not until the coming of Tokhtamysh that the concurrent khans were removed. He united the Blue Horde with his own White Horde and created the Golden Horde in 1380.……

Additional reading

Boris Grekov and Alexander Yakubovski, "The Golden Horde and its Downfall".

George Vernadsky, "The Mongols and Russia".