马打兰国

The Sultanate of Mataram was an early modern state based on the island of Java that lasted from the late 16th century to the 18th century. At its peak, Mataram was one of the most powerful kingdoms in the Indonesian archipelago and Southeast Asia. Along with Aceh and Makassar, it has been referred to as one of Southeast Asia's major "gunpowder empires." At its greatest extent, Mataram's territory spanned most of mainland Java and Madura, with vassals in Palembang, Sukadana, and Jambi.

Mataram reached its peak of power during the reign of Sultan Agung Anyokrokusumo (r. 1613–1645) after the conquest of his most powerful rival, the prosperous state of Surabaya. Sultan Agung's death set off a period of gradual decline as his successors endeavoured to consolidate his empire. The revolt of a Madurese prince in 1677 resulted in the sacking of the court and the death of Susuhunan Amangkurat I in exile. His son, Susuhunan Amangkurat II, requested military assistance from the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie; VOC), who then went to war to restore him. This preceded the enduring pattern of dispossessed princes instrumentalizing the military power of the VOC in exchange for payment and favourable treaties, by which means the kingdom gradually lost political and economic power to the VOC.

The First Javanese War of Succession and the Second Javanese War of Succession led to a further fracturing of the state, a diminishing in territory, and a waning in economic and political power. Following the ruinous Chinese Rebellion of 1741, Susuhunan Pakubuwono II ceded sovereignty over the Pasisir to the VOC.……

Etymology

The name Mataram itself was never the official name of any polity, as the Javanese often refer to their realm simply as Bhumi Jawa or Tanah Jawi (lit. 'Land of Java').……

History

Formation and growth

Establishment of the Kingdom

According to Javanese records, the kings of Mataram were descended from one Ki Ageng Sela (Sela is a village near the present-day Demak).……

The rise of Mataram

Senapati assumed royal status by wearing the title "Panembahan" (literally "one who is worshipped/sembah").……

Demographics

The paucity of reliable contemporary data makes precise estimates of population difficult. A royal census taken in 1651 records a total of 500,000 cacahs (taxable households).……

Government and state

The Susuhunan's exercise of power was for the most part indirect, through the cooperation of lesser notables. The kingdom has been characterized by scholars as a "network state" based on complex personal structures between patrons and clients within various rungs of the court hierarchy.……

Territorial division

The realm of Mataram was conventionally regarded in state chronicles not as a bounded state with fixed boundaries, but rather a series of concentric circles radiating outward from its centre, that being the capital city.……

Military

Military technology

Military technology was one of the most developed branches of industry in Java. Chinese cannons were introduced to the island by the Mongol invasion of 1293. Rudimentary gunpowder technologies continued to spread through the island across the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.……

Culture

Despite being an Islamic Sultanate, Mataram had never adopted Islamic culture, systems and institutions thoroughly. Its political system was more like a syncretism of earlier Javanese Hindu civilisation merged with Islamic elements.……

List of Susuhunan (Kings) of Mataram

The kings of Mataram initially held the title panembahan and then the susuhunan, the title of sultan was only used in 1641-1645 during the reign of Anyokrokusumo.

Danang Sutawijaya (Panembahan Senopati) : 1586–1601

Raden Mas Jolang (Susuhunan Anyakrawati / Sunan Krapyak) : 1601–1613

Legacy

The Mataram Sultanate was the last major native polity in Java prior the kingdom broke into of courts of Surakarta and Yogyakarta, and the princedom of Mangkunegaran and Pakualaman, and prior the island was completely ruled by the Dutch.……

Catur Sagotra

Catur Sagotra means four entities that still have a single root kinship, referring to the royal families who succeeded the Islamic Mataram dynasty. These kingdoms are Kasunanan Surakarta, Kasultanan Yogyakarta, Kadipaten Mangkunagaran, and Kadipaten Pakualaman.