塔德乌什·马佐维耶茨基

生平

1947—1948年任华沙大学出版社社长。后加入波兰天主教世俗活动家组织帕克斯协会。因对协会活动提出批评于1955年9月被取消会员资格。

1961年当选为议会议员，加入“标志”派议员团（主要成分为天主教社会活动家、政治家、作家）。1980年8月工潮时参加莱赫·瓦文萨的顾问班子。创办《团结周刊》并任主编。1981年底军管时被捕。《团结周刊》复刊后仍任主编。

1989年团结工会在议会大选中获胜，8月19日，沃伊切赫·雅鲁泽尔斯基总统不得不提名马佐维耶茨基出任新部长会议主席。24日，议会以压倒多数票通过了马佐维耶茨基的总理任命。9月12日，马佐维耶茨基组成一个团结工会、统一农民党和民主党联盟以及波兰统一工人党参加的“广泛联合政府”。1991年1月马佐维耶茨基在参加总统竞选失败后宣布辞职。

他是马德里俱乐部成员，以及欧洲联邦的狂热支持者。

Tadeusz Mazowiecki (18 April 1927 – 28 October 2013) was a Polish author, journalist, philanthropist and politician, formerly one of the leaders of the Solidarity movement, and the first non-communist Polish prime minister since 1946, having held the post from 1989 to 1991.

He was the founder and leader of Democratic Union and Freedom Union. Between 1991 and 2001, he was a member of the Polish Parliament. In the years 2010–2013, he served as advisor to President Bronisław Komorowski. He is the recipient of Poland's highest order of merit, the Order of the White Eagle.

Biography

Tadeusz Mazowiecki was born in Płock, Poland, on 18 April 1927 to a Polish noble family, which uses the Dołęga coat of arms. Both his parents worked at the local Holy Trinity Hospital: his father was a doctor there while his mother ran a charity for the poor. His education was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. During the war, he worked as a runner in the hospital where his parents worked. After the German forces had been expelled from Płock, Tadeusz Mazowiecki resumed his education and in 1946, he graduated from "Marshal Stanisław Małachowski" Lyceum, the oldest high school in Poland and one of the oldest continuously operating schools in Europe. He then moved to Łódź and then to Warsaw, where he joined the Law Faculty of the Warsaw University. However, he never graduated and instead devoted himself to activity in various Catholic associations, journals and publishing houses.

Catholic activist

PAX and WTK

Already during his brief stay at the Warsaw University, Mazowiecki joined the Caritas Academica charity organisation and he also briefly headed the University Printing Cooperative between 1947 and 1948. In 1946 he also joined Karol Popiel's Labour Party. However, later that year, the party was outlawed by the new Stalinist authorities of Soviet-controlled Poland. Almost all other non-communist organisations soon also became a target of state-sponsored repression.

One of the exceptions was the PAX Association, the only large Catholic organisation supported by the Communist authorities – and supporting the authorities in their conflict with the Catholic clergy. Mazowiecki joined PAX in 1948, initially as one of the leaders of the youth circles. He openly criticised Bolesław Piasecki's vision of the association and his allegiance to the Communists. He nevertheless rose through the ranks of various journals published by the association. Initially, a journalist in the Dziś i Jutro weekly, in 1950, he became the deputy editor-in-chief of Słowo Powszechne daily newspaper. In 1952 the conflict between Piasecki and the opposition within the PAX (the so-called Fronda, composed mostly of young intellectuals) led to Mazowiecki being expelled from the daily and relegated to a less prominent role of an editor of newly created Wrocławski Tygodnik Katolików (Wrocław Catholic Weekly, WTK). Until 1955 he served as the editor-in-chief of that journal, he also remained one of the leaders of the opposition within the association, criticising Piasecki and his associates for their conflicts with the Catholic hierarchy, loyalty to the communist authorities, and lack of democratic procedures within PAX. For that, he was eventually dismissed from the WTK and eventually in 1955 expelled from the association altogether.