拓跋廓

Emperor Gong of Western Wei

生卒: 537 年—557 年
国籍 / 所属: 西魏
朝代: 西魏
在位: 554—557
谥号: 恭皇帝
职位: 中国皇帝
父亲: 元宝炬
配偶: 若干皇后
简述: 西魏皇帝

魏恭帝拓跋廓（537年—557年），原姓元，河南郡洛阳县（今河南省洛阳市东）人，西魏文帝元宝炬四子，西魏十二大将军之一，后为西魏末代皇帝。

详细介绍

生平

拓跋廓在西魏官至使持节、大将军、大都督，大统十四年（548年），封齐王。大统十六年（550年），齐文宣帝高洋称帝，宇文泰发动关中兵马讨伐北齐，西魏文帝元宝炬派遣齐王拓跋廓镇守陇右，征召陇右大都督宇文导回朝镇守咸阳。

元廓的兄长废帝元钦继位后于废帝三年（554年）正月被权臣宇文泰所废，宇文泰立元廓为帝，去年号称元年，并且复姓拓跋。恭帝三年（556年）正月，初行《周礼》，建六官，以宇文泰为太师、大冢宰。十月，宇文泰卒，其子宇文觉嗣位。十二月（557年1月），封宇文觉为周公。随即被迫禅位于宇文觉，西魏灭亡。次年正月，恭帝被封为宋国公，住在宇文觉的堂兄大司马宇文护府上，二月被杀。

家庭

妻妾

若干皇后，西魏司空、长乐武烈公若干惠之女

子女

拓跋初，长子，周元年（557年）二月去世，虚龄三岁，周明帝二年九月三十日（558年10月27日）葬于小陵原。根据王书钦《北周僭代西魏之史境再审视——从新见〈拓跋初墓志〉等墓志和史籍说起》（黄留珠、贾二强主编：《长安学研究（第五辑）》，科学出版社2020年版，253-271页）及会田大辅《拓抜初の死―西魏宗室の粛清と历史叙述―》（待刊）等研究，是与父亲同日被杀

富平公主，西魏骠骑大将军、开府仪同三司、梁州刺史、安国县公崔猷之女，《周书》记载为宇文护养女，《北史》记载为魏恭帝养女

正文摘自中文维基百科「魏恭帝」（节选，删去了参考文献、表格和图片），按 CC BY-SA 4.0 使用；在维基百科读全文 ›

英文维基百科的更多内容

中文维基百科这一条比较短，下面是英文维基百科同一条目的节选，原文为英文，未翻译。

Emperor Gong of Western Wei ((西)魏恭帝) (537? – April 557), personal name né Yuan Kuo (元廓), later changed to Tuoba Kuo (拓跋廓), was the last emperor of the Western Wei dynasty of China. He was made emperor in c.March 554 after his older half-brother Yuan Qin was deposed by the paramount general Yuwen Tai. He carried little actual power, and in 556, after Yuwen Tai's death, Yuwen Tai's nephew Yuwen Hu, serving as guardian to Yuwen Tai's son Yuwen Jue (Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou), forced Emperor Gong to yield the throne to Yuwen Jue, ending Western Wei and founding the Northern Zhou dynasty. The former emperor was killed in 557.

Background

Yuan Kuo was born in 537, as the fourth son of Emperor Wen. His mother's name is not recorded in history. In 548, Emperor Wen created him the Prince of Qi. He subsequently served under Dugu Xin as one of Western Wei's twelve great generals. However, nothing else is known about his activities during his father's reign, during which the paramount general Yuwen Tai largely controlled power. Yuwen's hold on power appeared to be even firmer after Emperor Wen died in 551 and was succeeded by Yuan Kuo's older brother Yuan Qin (as Emperor Fei). During Yuan Kuo's stint as the Prince of Qi, he married the daughter of the general Ruogan Hui (若干惠) as his wife and princess.

In 554, Emperor Fei, angry over Yuwen Tai's execution of the official Yuan Lie (元烈) in 553, plotted to have Yuwen killed. However, the news was leaked, and Yuwen deposed him. He selected Yuan Kuo to succeed Emperor Fei (as Emperor Gong). Contemporaneously, Yuwen changed the imperial clan's surname from Yuan back to Tuoba, reversing the change that Emperor Xiaowen ordered in 496.

Reign

Emperor Gong appeared to be even more powerless than his father and brother, and the power remained in Yuwen's hands. He created his wife, Princess Ruogan, empress. Later in 554, Yuwen poisoned the deposed Emperor Fei to death. Later that year, an army dispatched by Yuwen and commanded by Yu Jin captured rival Liang dynasty's capital Jiangling (江陵, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), capturing and executing Liang's Emperor Yuan. In spring 555, Emperor Gong created Xiao Cha, a nephew of Emperor Yuan, the Emperor of Liang (as Emperor Xuan), but Xiao Cha was not recognized by most of Liang generals and officials, who instead recognized Xiao Yuanming, a candidate supported by Northern Qi, as emperor. (Xiao Cha's state is known as the Western Liang in history.)

Later in 555, Yuwen required Tuoba Yu (拓跋育) the Prince of Huai'an to submit to Emperor Gong a proposal to have the imperial princes reduced in rank to dukes, of which Emperor Gong approved. In spring 556, pursuant to Yuwen's desire to reorganize the governmental structure in accordance with the Zhou dynasty governmental structure, the imperial government was reorganized into six departments.

In fall 556, while Yuwen Tai was on a tour of the northern provinces, he became ill at Qiantun Mountain (牽屯山, in modern Guyuan, Ningxia). He summoned his nephew Yuwen Hu to Qiantun and entrusted the affairs of the state as well as his sons to Yuwen Hu. He soon died, and Yuwen Tai's 14-year-old son Yuwen Jue took over his titles, while Yuwen Hu took the reins of the state. Emperor Gong was subsequently forced to create Yuwen Jue the greater title of Duke of Zhou.

In spring 557, Yuwen Hu, believing that Yuwen Jue's youth meant that he needed to take the imperial title to affirm his authority, forced Emperor Gong to yield the throne to Yuwen Jue, ending Western Wei and starting Northern Zhou.

Death

Yuwen Jue (Emperor Xiaomin) initially created Tuoba Kuo the Duke of Song. However, less than two months after Tuoba Kuo yielded the throne, he was killed. His wife, the former Empress Ruogan, became a Buddhist nun.