布维纳文托拉·杜鲁蒂

早年

1910年，14岁的杜鲁蒂离开学校，并且成为莱昂铁路场的一位实习技工。 18岁时，他在马塔拉纳德托里奥找到了第一份工作。 后来他加入了劳动者总联盟。1923年，米格尔·普里莫·德·里维拉在西班牙夺取政权后，杜鲁蒂和其他一些人打算攻击巴塞罗那军营和西班牙-法国边境的检查站，但他们未能攻占军营，许多无政府主义者在冲突中遇害。之后杜鲁蒂等人逃往拉丁美洲，并且还洗劫了智利和阿根廷的几家银行。

死亡

西班牙内战爆发期间的1936年11月19日，他在田园之家作战时死亡。

José Buenaventura Durruti Dumange (Spanish: [xoˈse βwenaβenˈtuɾa ðuˈruti ðuˈmaŋge]; 14 July 1896 – 20 November 1936) was a Spanish anarcho-syndicalist militant and a leading figure in Spanish anarchism before and during the Spanish Civil War. As a prominent member of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI), Durruti was a key participant in the Spanish Revolution of 1936, and is remembered as a hero and martyr by the anarchist movement.

Originally a mechanic and trade unionist from León, Durruti was radicalized by state repression of the labor movement. In the 1920s, he became a leader of the anarchist affinity group Los Solidarios, which carried out bank robberies, termed "expropriations", to fund their revolutionary activities, as well as assassinations of those they held responsible for the oppression of the working class. Forced into exile, he coordinated militant activities from France and engaged in a series of expropriations across Latin America with the group Los Errantes. After returning to Spain with the proclamation of the Republic in 1931, he became one of the primary organizers of the CNT's insurrectionist wing, leading several unsuccessful uprisings for which he was repeatedly imprisoned and deported.

At the outbreak of the Civil War in July 1936, Durruti was a key figure in defeating the Nationalist military uprising in Barcelona. He subsequently organized and led the Durruti Column, one of the largest and most famous anarchist militias, which fought on the Aragon front. There, alongside combat operations, he helped implement libertarian communism in the controlled territories. In November 1936, as Nationalist forces laid siege to Madrid, he led his column to the capital to aid in its defense.……

Early life

Childhood and education

José Buenaventura Durruti Dumange was born on 14 July 1896, in the Santa Ana neighbourhood of León; he was the second of eight children, born to Santiago Durruti and Anastasia Dumange. Durruti began his primary education at the age of five; his teacher described him as a mischievous but good-natured child. Durruti later remarked that he had been made into a rebel at an early age.……

Trade union activism

In 1910, Durruti began his apprenticeship under the tutelage of Melchor Martínez, a master mechanic and a local leader of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).……

Militant activism

Los Justicieros

When Durruti arrived back in San Sebastián, he found the local branch of the CNT, run by Manuel Buenacasa, which helped him find work as a mechanic in Errenteria. He frequented the union's branch office after he finished work, although he rarely took part in meetings and mostly sat by himself reading newspapers. Durruti and other metalworkers affiliated with the CNT formed an opposition group within the local branch of the UGT;……

Insurrectionary leadership in the Republic

Return to Spain

When the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, Durruti and Ascaso were among the first anarchist exiles to return to Barcelona. The following day, Durruti and Ascaso reunited with Ricardo Sanz, who told them about the CNT's role in installing the republican government of Lluís Companys; Durruti and Ascaso regarded this to have been a mistake.……

Military command in the Civil War

Battle of Barcelona

By 09:00 on 19 July, fighting had broken out throughout Barcelona. Durruti met with Ascaso and Garcia Oliver at the Teatre Principal, where they discussed how to gain control of the port and prevent reinforcements from being brought in by ship. When troops began shooting at them from a nearby hotel, Durruti led an attack against the hotel and cleared out the shooters.……

Legacy

According to historian George Esenwein, while Durruti was already "enormously popular" as a militia leader, he achieved a "near-legendary status" after his death. Historian Helen Graham described his death as "the death of a living symbol" and the simultaneous "birth of an anarchist icon". Durruti was remembered as a criminal by the Spanish upper classes and right-wing, and as a martyr by his fellow revolutionaries.……