罗伯特·麦克纳马拉

Robert McNamara

生卒: 1916 年 6 月 9 日—2009 年 7 月 6 日
出生地: 旧金山
去世地: 华盛顿哥伦比亚特区
国籍 / 所属: 美国
身份: 作家、军人、政治人物、经济学家、银行家、舆论记者
职位: 美国国防部长、世界银行行长
配偶: 玛格丽特·麦克纳马拉
子女: Robert Craig McNamara
参与: 第二次世界大战
原文名: Robert Strange McNamara
宗教: 长老宗、长老会 (美国)
就读: 哈佛商学院、加州大学伯克利分校、Piedmont High School
任职机构: 哈佛大学、福特汽车
所属组织: 三边委员会、美国文理科学院、美国哲学会、ΦΒΚ荣誉学会
军衔: 中校
简述: American businessman and Secretary of Defense (1916-2009)

罗伯特·斯特兰奇·麦克纳马拉（英语：Robert Strange McNamara，1916年6月9日—2009年7月6日），美国商人及政治家，美国共和党人，曾任美国国防部长（1961年－1968年，为美国史上任期最久的国防部长）和世界银行行长（1968年－1981年）。

麦克纳马拉于第一次世界大战结束前出生于旧金山，后毕业于加州大学柏克莱分校，取得经济学学位，再于哈佛大学商学院取得工商管理硕士学位。二战时麦克纳马拉服役于美军陆军航空队，职责是以统计学模型评估和改善空军轰炸的效果。战后以数理长才受聘于福特汽车，引进新的管理学制度，在45岁时升任至福特集团总裁，地位仅次于亨利·福特二世，1961年接受肯尼迪总统邀请出任国防部长。

麦克纳马拉亲历柏林危机与柏林墙建立、古巴猪猡湾事件、古巴导弹危机与越战的升高，涉及众多冷战时美国的重大决策。卸任后获美国提名出任世界银行行长，任职13年之久。麦克纳马拉在古巴导弹危机中持反对入侵意见，但越战前期则笃信系统分析做出战胜预期的推论，晚年则在回忆录对升高越战表示后悔，称“我们错了，错的离谱”（We were wrong, terribly wrong）。基于相同的评估，他反对小布什总统出兵伊拉克。麦克纳马拉于2009年7月6日晨逝世于华府，享年93岁，其遗留文书手稿典藏于麻州的肯尼迪总统图书馆。

正文摘自中文维基百科「罗伯特·麦克纳马拉」（删去了参考文献、表格和图片），按 CC BY-SA 4.0 使用

英文维基百科的更多内容

中文维基百科这一条比较短，下面是英文维基百科同一条目的节选，原文为英文，未翻译。

Robert Strange McNamara (; June 9, 1916 – July 6, 2009), also known by his initials RSM, was an American businessman and government official who served as the eighth United States secretary of defense from 1961 to 1968 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson at the height of the Cold War. He remains the longest-serving secretary of defense, having remained in office over seven years. He played a major role in promoting the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. McNamara was responsible for the institution of systems analysis in public policy, which developed into the discipline known today as policy analysis.

McNamara graduated from the University of California, Berkeley, and Harvard Business School. He served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. After World War II, Henry Ford II hired McNamara and a group of other Army Air Force veterans to work for the Ford Motor Company, reforming Ford with modern planning, organization, and management control systems. After briefly serving as Ford's president, McNamara accepted an appointment as secretary of defense in the Kennedy administration.

McNamara became a close adviser to Kennedy and advocated the use of a blockade during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Kennedy and McNamara instituted a Cold War defense strategy of flexible response, which anticipated the need for military responses short of massive retaliation. During the Kennedy administration, McNamara presided over the beginning of the build-up of U.S. soldiers in South Vietnam. After the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, the number of U.S. soldiers in Vietnam escalated dramatically. McNamara and other U.S. policymakers feared that the fall of South Vietnam to a Communist regime would lead to the fall of other governments in the region.

Early life and career

Robert McNamara was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Clara Nell McNamara (née Strange) and Robert James McNamara.……

World War II

Leading into World War II, McNamara had two deferments from the draft—a family deferment due to having a minor child and an educational deferment, as he was teaching in an Officer Candidate School at Harvard.

Ford Motor Company

In 1946, Tex Thornton, a colonel under whom McNamara had served, put together a group of former officers from the Office of Statistical Control to go into business together. Thornton had seen an article in Life magazine portraying the Ford Motor Company as being in dire need of reform.……

Secretary of Defense

After his election in 1960, President-elect John F. Kennedy offered McNamara the chance to be either Secretary of Defense or Secretary of the Treasury; McNamara came back a week later, accepting the post of Secretary of Defense.……

World Bank president

Robert McNamara served as head of the World Bank from April 1968 to June 1981, when he turned 65.……

Tenure

In his 13 years at the Bank, he introduced key changes, most notably, shifting the Bank's economic development policies toward targeted poverty reduction.……

Controversies

Robert Kennedy endorsement

In March 1968, McNamara's friend Senator Robert Kennedy entered the Democratic primaries with aim of challenging Johnson.……

Post-World Bank activities

From 1981 to 1984, McNamara served on the board of trustees at American University in Washington, D.C.

He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1981.

Memoir

McNamara's memoir, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam, published in 1995, presented an account and analysis of the Vietnam War from his point of view.……

Assessments

Perhaps the earliest assessment of Robert McNamara was David Halberstam's 1972 book The Best and the Brightest. Halberstam reported on McNamara's propensity to lie:

Bob McNamara was a remarkable man in a remarkable era;……

Personal life

McNamara married Margaret Craig, his teenage sweetheart, on 13 August 1940. She was an accomplished cook, and Robert's favorite dish was reputed to be her beef bourguignon.……

At Ford

When working at Ford Motor Company, McNamara resided in Ann Arbor, Michigan, rather than the usual auto executive domains of Grosse Pointe, Birmingham, and Bloomfield Hills.……