伊扎克·沙米尔

政治生涯

以色列建国前曾为犹太准军事组织莱希成员。1955年至1965年，在以色列情报机构摩萨德工作。1977年至1980年，担任以色列国会议长。1980年至1986年，担任以色列外交部部长。1983年接替贝京担任利库德党主席及以色列总理。1984年大选后，与工党组建联合政府，他和工党党魁希蒙·佩雷斯协议轮流任总理两年。1987年至1988年，担任以色列内政部部长。1990年，兼任以色列财政部部长。

1990年3月15日因工党与利库德集团出现政治分歧，工党退出大联合政府，沙米尔组成的联合政府在不信任投票中落败，虽然在不信任投票中落败，但在佩雷斯领导的工党组阁失败后，沙米尔迅即与其他右派政党组成联合政府，当时被认为是以色列历来最为右翼的联合政府之一。

去世

2012年6月30日晚，伊扎克·沙米尔在特拉维夫去世，终年96岁。遗体葬于耶路撒冷的赫茨尔山。

Yitzhak Shamir (Hebrew: יצחק שמיר, ; born Yitzhak Yezernitsky; 22 October 1915 – 30 June 2012) was an Israeli politician who served as the seventh prime minister of Israel, serving two terms (1983–1984, 1986–1992). Before the establishment of the State of Israel, Shamir was a leader of the Zionist militant group Lehi, also known as the Stern Gang.

Yitzhak Shamir grew up in interwar Poland. Shamir joined Betar, the paramilitary wing of Revisionist Zionist Ze'ev Jabotinsky's Hatzohar political party. In 1935, Shamir emigrated from Białystok to British Palestine, where he worked in an accountant's office. Shamir joined the Revisionist Zionist Irgun paramilitary group led by Menachem Begin. During World War II the Irgun split over the question of whether to support the Axis powers against the British Empire. Avraham Stern and Shamir sought an alliance with Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany and formed the breakaway militia group Lehi. Lehi was unable to persuade the Axis powers to lend it support. Shamir led Lehi after Stern's assassination in 1942. In 1944 Shamir married Lehi member Shulamit Levy. During the 1948 Palestine war, Lehi and the Irgun committed the Deir Yassin massacre of over 100 Palestinians.

After the establishment of the Israeli state Shamir served in Mossad between 1955 and 1965. Shamir directed Operation Damocles and resigned from Mossad after Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion ordered an end to the program. In 1969 Shamir joined Menachem Begin's Herut Party. Shamir was first elected to the Knesset in 1973 as a member of the Likud alliance of parties. Shamir served as Speaker of the Knesset after Likud became the first right-wing Israeli government after winning the 1977 Israeli legislative election against Prime Minister Shimon Peres' Alignment.……

Early life

Yitzhak Yezernitsky was born in the predominantly Jewish village of Ruzhany, Bialystok-Grodno District of Ober Ost, shortly thereafter incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland (now in Belarus), as the son of Perla and Shlomo, owner of a leather factory.……

Lehi leadership

Shamir joined the Irgun Zvai Leumi, a Zionist paramilitary group that opposed British control of Palestine. During World War II the Irgun split over the question of whether to support the Axis powers against the British Empire.……

Mossad

In the first years of Israel's independence, Shamir managed several commercial enterprises. In 1955, he joined Mossad, serving until 1965. During his Mossad career, he directed Operation Damocles, the assassinations of German rocket scientists working on the Egyptian missile programme.

Political career

In 1969, Shamir joined the Herut party headed by Menachem Begin and was first elected to the Knesset in 1973 as a member of the Likud.……

Prime minister

Shamir won the 1983 Herut leadership election against David Levy to succeed Begin as leader of Herut, the Likud, and Prime Minister of Israel.……

Illness and death

In 2004, Shamir's health declined, with the progression of his Alzheimer's disease, and he was moved to a nursing home. The government turned down a request by the family to finance his stay at the facility.

Shulamit Shamir died on 29 July 2011.……

Commemoration

Israeli President Shimon Peres said that "Yitzhak Shamir was a brave warrior for Israel, before and after its inception.……

Awards and recognition

In 2001, Shamir received the Israel Prize, for his lifetime achievements and special contribution to society and the State of Israel.

Published works

He wrote Sikumo shel davar, a book which was published in English by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, as Summing Up: An autobiography (1994).

Overview of offices held

Shamir twice served as prime minister (Israel's head of government). His first stint spanned from 10 October 1983 through 13 September 1984, leading the 20th government during the latter portion of the 10th Knesset.……