1932年哈萨克斯坦大饥荒

重大意义

哈萨克大约150万死亡人口中有130万人是哈萨克族。其余20万人当中，大部分乌克兰人也受到影响。根据其他估计，可能最终有多达200–230万哈萨克族死于这场饥荒。此外，饥荒期间约有25万哈萨克人突破封锁，越境逃往中国，苏联为防消息走漏与动荡，开始调来兵力控制骚乱，并在边境部署狙击手射杀那些逃难的匪徒。而这场饥荒除了政策错误，有部分的天气因素导致农牧欠收，以及游牧、耕作习惯的强制改变，并使得哈萨克族在他们的共和国变成少数民族，直到1990年代哈萨克族才在哈萨克再次成为最大族群。这场饥荒之前，这个共和国60%的人口是哈萨克族，但饥荒过后，只有大约38%的人口是哈萨克族。德国与法国等决议将大饥荒视其为对前苏联国家的种族灭绝，这受到俄罗斯的抗议。

The Kazakh famine of 1930–1933, also known as the Asharshylyq, was a man-made famine in the Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, then part of the Soviet Union, during which an estimated 1.3 to 2.3 million people died, the majority of them ethnic Kazakhs. Between 38 and 42 percent of all Kazakhs perished, the highest proportion of any ethnic group killed in the Soviet famines of the early 1930s. Other estimates put the number of deaths at about 1.75 million, while some research suggests the toll may have exceeded 2 million.

The famine was a direct result of Soviet collectivization policies, implemented in Kazakhstan under the authority of First Secretary Filipp Goloshchyokin. Traditionally a nomadic people, Kazakhs relied heavily on livestock herding. Collectivization destroyed this system: herds were seized by the state, traditional migrations were disrupted, and communities were forced into collective farms ill-suited for the steppe environment. Hunger was intensified by harsh state requisitioning, the imposition of excessive grain and livestock quotas, and repressive measures such as the blacklisting of entire districts from trade. Thousands of Kazakhs who attempted to escape to neighboring China were shot by border guards, while others died during mass migrations across Central Asia.

The famine began in late 1930, a year before the worst phase of the Ukrainian famine, or Holodomor, and lasted through 1933. Its effects were catastrophic: Kazakhstan's population fell by more than a third, and Kazakhs were reduced from about 60 percent of the republic's inhabitants to 38 percent, making them a minority in their own homeland for decades. Large numbers of survivors fled permanently to China, Afghanistan, and other regions.……

Etymology

The famine is commonly known as the Asharshylyq or Asharshylyk. It comes from Kazakh: Ашаршылық, [ɑʃɑrʃɯˈɫɯq], meaning 'famine' or 'hunger'.

Background

In the years leading up to the famine, several interconnected factors played a crucial role in exacerbating the dire situation. The historical context was shaped by a complex interplay of demographic changes and traditional nomadic pastoralism practices in Central Asia, particularly centered around a meat and dairy based diet.……

Overview

Signs of the Kazakh famine began emerging in the late 1920s, with the factor being the jut from 1927 to 1928, which was a period of extreme cold in which cattle were starved and were unable to graze.

Casualties

Kazakhstan included some of the regions affected severely by famine, percentage-wise, although more people died in famine in Soviet Ukraine, which began a year later. In addition to the Kazakh famine of 1919–1922, Kazakhstan lost more than half of its population in 10–15 years due to the actions of the Soviet state.……

Refugees

Due to starvation, between 665,000 and 1.1 million Kazakhs fled the famine with their cattle outside Kazakhstan to China, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, and the Soviet republics of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Russia in search of food and employment in the new industrialization sites of Western Siberia.……

Aftermath and legacy

Two thirds of the Kazakh survivors of the famine were successfully sedentarized due to the 80% reduction of their herds, the impossibility of resuming pastoral activity in the immediate post-famine environment, and the repatriation and resettlement program undertaken by Soviet authorities.……

Assessment, legality, and censorship

Like the Holodomor, there is heated debate as to whether or not the famine fits in with the legal definition of genocide, as defined by the UN. In November 1991, the Kazakhstan parliament created a committee, chaired by Historian Manash Kozybayev, to investigate the famine and its causes.……

Portrayals in media

The Crying Steppe (2020), director Marina Kunarova, and selected as the Kazakhstani entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards. The movie follows an eagle hunter trying to save his family.

Qash (2023), director Aisultan Seitov. The movie follows a gravedigger facing a difficult choice during the famine.