纳粹德国占领法国

简介

德国国防军通过闪电战击溃法国，并在此后的第二次贡比涅停战协定中订立占领管辖的条款。此时法方和德方均认为占领将只是暂时性的，并认为英国也将很快议和。在条款中，法方同意将其所有士兵作为战俘处置，直至一切冲突结束。

“法兰西国”（法语：État français）取代战败的法兰西第三共和国，其主权和领土范围被限制于自由区。由于旧都巴黎坐落于占领区内，因此其政府所在地往南迁移至奥弗涅的水疗城镇维希，使此政权通称维希法国。名义上维希政府对全法国具有管辖权，但在占领区的军事管辖事实上由纳粹独裁。1942年11月11日，为应对同盟国于1942年11月8日入侵法属北非的火炬行动，使德国和意大利在安东行动入侵了自由区，将军事管辖扩展至法国全境。维希政府仍旧存在，但其权力更加受限。

在诺曼底和普罗旺斯的登陆行动之后，法国获得解放，军事管辖也由此结束。名义上军事管辖由1940年5月持续至1944年12月，但事实上法国的大部分领土在1944年夏季即已全部解放。

The Military Administration in France was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France. This so-called zone occupée was established in June 1940, and renamed zone nord ("north zone") in November 1942, when the previously unoccupied zone in the south known as zone libre ("free zone") was also occupied and renamed zone sud ("south zone").

Its role in France was partly governed by the conditions set by the Armistice of 22 June 1940 after the blitzkrieg success of the Wehrmacht leading to the Fall of France; at the time both French and Germans thought the occupation would be temporary and last only until Britain came to terms, which was believed to be imminent. For instance, France agreed that its soldiers would remain prisoners of war until the cessation of all hostilities.

The "French State" (État français) replaced the French Third Republic that had dissolved in defeat. Though nominally extending its sovereignty over the whole country, it was in practice limited in exercising its authority to the free zone. As Paris was located in the occupied zone, its government was seated in the spa town of Vichy in Auvergne, and therefore it was more commonly known as Vichy France.

While the Vichy government was nominally in charge of all of France, the military administration in the occupied zone was a de facto Nazi dictatorship, where the actual sovereignty of the French government was seriously limited. Nazi rule was extended to the free zone when it was invaded by Germany and Italy during Case Anton on 11 November 1942 in response to Operation Torch, the Allied landings in French North Africa on 8 November 1942.……

Occupation zones

Alsace-Lorraine had been annexed after the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 by the German Empire and returned to France after the First World War.……

Administrative structure

After Germany and France agreed on an armistice following the defeats of May and June, Colonel General Wilhelm Keitel and General Charles Huntzinger, representatives of the Third Reich and of the French government of Marshal Philippe Pétain respectively, signed it on 22 June 1940 at the Rethondes clearing in Compiègne Forest.……

Collaboration

In order to suppress partisans and resistance fighters, the military administration cooperated closely with the Gestapo, the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the intelligence service of the SS, and the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo), its security police.……

Occupation forces

The Wehrmacht maintained a varying number of divisions in France. 100,000 Germans were in the whole of the German-zone in France in December 1941. When the bulk of the Wehrmacht was fighting on the eastern front, German units were rotated to France to rest and refit.……

Anti-partisan actions

The "Appeal of 18 June" by de Gaulle's Free France government in exile in London had little immediate effect, and few joined its French Forces of the Interior beyond those that had already gone into exile to join the Free French.……

Propaganda

Military propaganda for European countries under occupation was headquartered in Potsdam. There was one Propaganda battalion in each occupied country, headquartered in the main town or capital. This was further subdivided at the regional level.

Civilians

The census for 1 April 1941 show 25,071,255 inhabitants in the occupied zone (with 14.2m in the unoccupied zone). This does not include the 1,600,000 prisoners of war, nor the 60,000 French workers in Germany or the departments of Alsace-Lorraine.

Daily life

The life of the French during the German occupation was marked, from the beginning, by endemic shortages.……

Aftermath

The Liberation of France was the result of the Allied operations Overlord and Dragoon in the summer of 1944. Most of France was liberated by September 1944.……