基尔条约

瑞典入侵挪威

丹麦-挪威的储君、挪威的驻留总督克里斯蒂安·弗雷德里克王子得悉条约消息后发动挪威独立，很可能是为了重新与丹麦结成联合。他不但得到丹麦王室暗中支持，而且获得挪威显要支持，故成功煽动了独立运动。挪威人劝说王子，声索挪威王位是不智的，他应该暂行摄政，并准备选出制宪大会的国民代表。4月10日，在埃兹沃尔召开的国民大会制订了宪法。挪威遂选出了克里斯蒂安·弗雷德里克为国王，并于5月17日宣告独立。其后瑞典入侵挪威，迫使克里斯蒂安·弗雷德里克于10月退位。挪威议会对宪法作出一些必要修改，并于11月4日选出瑞典国王卡尔十三世为挪威国王，标志着瑞典-挪威联合正式成立。

The Treaty of Kiel (Danish: Kieltraktaten) or Peace of Kiel (Swedish and Norwegian: Kielfreden or freden i Kiel) was concluded between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Sweden on one side and the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway on the other side on 14 January 1814 in Kiel. It ended the hostilities between the parties in the ongoing Napoleonic Wars, where the United Kingdom and Sweden were part of the anti-French alliance (the Sixth Coalition) while Denmark–Norway was allied to the French Empire.

Frederick VI of Denmark joined the anti-French alliance, ceded Heligoland to Britain, and further ceded the Kingdom of Norway to Sweden in return for Swedish Pomerania. Specifically excluded from the exchange were the Norwegian dependencies of Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, which remained in the union with Denmark after being transferred. The actual time of cession of the islands is somewhat disputed. Some claim it took place with the Union of Denmark and Norway in 1536/37, as the possessions of the Norwegian crown were claimed by the Oldenburg king. Nevertheless, they were still referred to as "dependencies of Norway" in later official documents. Also the Treaty of Kiel states: "...and provinces, constituting the kingdom of Norway, [..], together with their dependencies (Greenland, the Faroe Isles, and Iceland, excepted); [...] shall belong in full and sovereign property to the King of Sweden,...", clearly indicating that they were until 1814 regarded as a part of Norway. Norway would unsuccessfully contest the Danish claim to all of Greenland in the Eastern Greenland Case of 1931–1933.

However, not all provisions of the treaty would come into force.……

Background

In the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark–Norway and the Kingdom of Sweden tried to maintain neutrality but soon became involved in the fighting, joining opposite camps. Swedish king Gustav IV Adolf entered an alliance with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Russian Empire against Napoleon Bonaparte in 1805, and declared war on Napoleonic France.……

Dano-British treaty

The treaty between the Kingdom of Denmark and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was negotiated by Danish diplomat Edmund Bourke and the British envoy at the Swedish court, Edward Thornton. It consisted of 14 articles, to which two articles were added in Brussels on 7 April.

In article III, the United Kingdom was obliged to return all occupied Danish possessions to the Danish king.……

Dano-Swedish treaty

The treaty between the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Sweden was negotiated by Danish diplomat Edmund Bourke (Burke) and Swedish envoy Baron Gustaf af Wetterstedt with British mediation. It consisted of 28 articles and one separate article. In article III, the Danish king promised to join the alliance against Napoleonic France, and with reference to the Dano-British treaty confirms his obligation to put part of his army under Swedish command.

Union between Sweden and Norway

The Swedish crown prince intended to invade Norway to enforce the Treaty of Kiel. This was supported by the majority of people living in Sweden. However, the Norwegian elite in Christiania supported resistance. The bishop Johan Nordahl Brun wrote to Claus Pavels and urged his religious colleagues in Christiania to grab their rifles so as to never surrender.……

Swedish Pomerania

Due to the refusal of Norway to subordinate itself to the Swedish king, Charles XIII of Sweden did not hand over Swedish Pomerania to Frederick VI of Denmark.……

North Atlantic territories

In article IV, an insertion was added to the original Swedish draft, namely that "Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Iceland are not included therein." The wording and interpretation of this addition has been debatted since the signing; however, it is known that the Danish diplomat, Edmund Bourke, formulated the insertion and wanted it added to the article.……

East Greenland case

Between 1931 and 1933, Norway contested the Danish possession of all of Greenland at the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.……