
图:佚名 · Public domain · 维基共享资源
- 时间
- 1919 年—1920 年
- 地点
- 苏瓦乌基
- 国家 / 地区
- 波兰
- 参与方
- 立陶宛、波兰第二共和国
- 属于
- 立陶宛独立战争
- 类型
- 战争
- 简述
- conflict between Poland and Lithuania after World War I (may 1919 – october 1920)
波兰立陶宛战争是一场发生于一战后新独立的波兰与立陶宛之间的军事冲突。这场战争与波苏战争相关,主要发生于维尔纽斯与苏瓦尔凯地区。关于这场战争的具体开始时间和结束时间目前尚存争议,波兰和立陶宛之间对这场战争的认知也有较大差异。波兰方面认为波兰立陶宛战争是波苏战争的一部分,仅从1920年9月持续至同年10月;而立陶宛方面认为这场战争是立陶宛独立战争的一部分,从1919年春一直持续至1920年10月。
1919年4月,刚获得独立不久的波兰开进维尔纽斯。此时,立陶宛也正与苏联处于战争状态,因此并未放弃与同样与苏联处于战争中的波兰进行谈判。但此后因波兰希望立陶宛加入海间联邦而立陶宛方面认为加入该联邦会损害立陶宛主权而拒绝,最终导致波兰与立陶宛两方开战。这场战争最后以波兰强占维尔纽斯与苏瓦尔凯地区告终。
正文摘自中文维基百科「波兰—立陶宛战争」(删去了参考文献、表格和图片),按 CC BY-SA 4.0 使用
英文维基百科的更多内容
中文维基百科这一条比较短,下面是英文维基百科同一条目的节选,原文为英文,未翻译。
The Polish–Lithuanian War was an undeclared war fought in the aftermath of World War I between newly independent Lithuania and Poland, with fighting mainly in the Vilnius and Suwałki regions, which was part of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence and lasted from May 1919 to 29 November 1920. From the spring of 1920 onward, the conflict happened alongside the wider Polish–Soviet War and was affected by its progress. It was subject to unsuccessful international mediation at the Conference of Ambassadors and the League of Nations.
After World War I, the military and political situation in the region was chaotic, as multiple countries, notably Lithuania, Poland, and Soviet Russia, vied with each other over control of overlapping areas. The Polish–Lithuanian conflict was centered on Vilnius, which the Council of Lithuania declared the capital of the restored Lithuanian state. Control of Vilnius was transferred from Germans to Poles on January 2, 1919, but the Polish paramilitary lost the city to the Bolsheviks on January 5. The Polish Army seized Vilnius again on April 19, 1919 and came in contact with the Lithuanian Army fighting in the Lithuanian–Soviet War. Despite the antagonism over Vilnius, the Lithuanian and Polish armies sometimes cooperated when fighting against a common enemy, the Bolsheviks. As Lithuanian–Polish relations worsened, the Entente drew two demarcation lines in hopes to stall further hostilities. The lines did not please either side and were ignored. The first clashes between Polish and Lithuanian soldiers occurred on April 26 and May 8, 1919, near Vievis. With the Polish coup against the Lithuanian government failing in August 1919, the front stabilized until the summer of 1920.
Background
Demographic situation
According to the 1897 Russian census, the disputed city of Vilnius had a linguistic breakdown of 30% Polish-speaking, 40% Jews, and 2% Lithuanian-speaking;……
Military developments
World War I ended when Germany signed the Armistice of 11 November 1918.……
May–September 1919: rising tensions
Demarcation lines
The Conference of Ambassadors drew the first demarcation line on June 18, 1919. The line, drawn about 5 km (3.1 mi) west of the Grodno–Vilnius–Daugavpils Railway, was based on the military situation on the ground rather than ethnic composition. Neither Poles nor Lithuanians were content with the line.……
Sejny Uprising
The Lithuanians retreated from Suwałki on August 7, 1919.……
September 1919 – June 1920: minor incidents
Military developments
After the failure of the coup in Kaunas, there were numerous small border incidents. On September 17 and 18, Lithuanian troops attacked and occupied Musninkai and Širvintos, and were soon driven from them. On September 19, 1919, Polish troops attacked Gelvonai and encroached towards Ukmergė.……
Diplomatic developments
After the failed coup, Leon Wasilewski left Kaunas and settled in Vilnius.……
July 1920: Soviet advance and Polish retreat
Diplomatic developments
On 25 April 1920, the Polish army and the remnants of Ukrainian People's Army under Petliura launched the large-scale Kiev offensive following the treaty of alliance. Initially successful, the Polish Army started retreating after Russian counterattacks in early June 1920.……
Territorial changes
The Bolshevik forces reached Lithuanian territory on July 7, 1920, and continued to push the Polish troops.……
August–October 1920: struggles for the Suwałki Region
Polish advance and Soviet retreat
The Russians suffered a great defeat in the Battle of Warsaw in mid-August 1920 and started withdrawing. They handed over Vilnius to the Lithuanians on August 26. The Lithuanians hastily made preparations to secure the border, as determined by the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty.……
Direct negotiations and League of Nations
On September 6, Lithuanian Foreign Minister Juozas Purickis proposed direct negotiations in Marijampolė.……
October–November 1920: struggles for Vilnius Region
Żeligowski's Mutiny
Polish chief of state Józef Piłsudski ordered his subordinate, General Lucjan Żeligowski, to stage a mutiny with his 1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division (16 battalions with 14,000 soldiers) in Lida and capture Vilnius in fait accompli.……
Capture of Vilnius and other military attacks
The Lithuanians were not prepared for the assault.……
Aftermath
The result of this war was that while Lithuania defended its independence against Poland and its puppet state Central Lithuania, Lithuania also lost a third of its territory and its capital.……
正文摘自英文维基百科(原文为英文,未翻译)「Polish–Lithuanian War」(节选,删去了参考文献、表格和图片),按 CC BY-SA 4.0 使用;在维基百科读全文 ›
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