印度共和国历史

The history of independent India or history of Republic of India began when the country became an independent sovereign state within the British Commonwealth on 15 August 1947. Direct administration by the British, which began in 1858, affected a political and economic unification of the subcontinent. When British rule came to an end in 1947, the subcontinent was partitioned along religious lines into two separate countries—India, with a majority of Hindus, and Pakistan, with a majority of Muslims, on the midnight of August 14-15 1947. Concurrently the Muslim-majority northwest and east of British India was separated into the Dominion of Pakistan, by the Partition of India. The partition led to a population transfer of more than 10 million people between India and Pakistan and the death of about one million people. Indian National Congress leader Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India, but the leader most associated with the independence struggle, Mahatma Gandhi, accepted no office. The constitution adopted in 1950 made India a democratic republic with Westminster style parliamentary system of government, both at federal and state level respectively. The democracy has been sustained since then. India's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world's newly independent states, despite its history being perforated by several crises. and recent worries of democratic backsliding under the premiership of Narendra Modi.

The country has faced religious violence, casteism, corruption, malnutrition, poverty, unemployment, language conflicts, naxalism, terrorism, separatist insurgencies in Jammu and Kashmir, North East India and gender-based violence.……

1947–1950: Dominion of India

Independent India's first years were marked with turbulent events—a massive exchange of population with Pakistan, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 and the integration of over 500 princely states to form a united nation.……

Partition of India

The partition of India was outlined in the Indian Independence Act 1947.……

1950s and 1960s under Nehru

India held its first national elections under the Constitution in 1952, where a turnout of over 60% was recorded. The Indian National Congress won an overwhelming majority, and Jawaharlal Nehru began a second term as prime minister.……

Nehru administration (1952–1964)

Nehru can be regarded as the founder of the modern Indian state.……

1960s after Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru died on 27 May 1964, and Lal Bahadur Shastri succeeded him as prime minister. In 1965, India and Pakistan again went to war over Kashmir, but without any definitive outcome or alteration of the Kashmir boundary.……

1970s

In 1971, Indira Gandhi and her Congress (R) were returned to power with a massively increased majority. The nationalisation of banks was carried out, and many other socialist economic and industrial policies enacted.……

Merger of Sikkim

In 1973, anti-royalist riots took place in the Kingdom of Sikkim.……

Formation of Northeastern states

In the Northeast India, the state of Assam was divided into several states beginning in 1970 within the borders of what was then Assam.……

1980s

Indira Gandhi and her Congress Party splinter group, the Indian National Congress or simply "Congress(I)", were swept back into power with a large majority in January 1980.

The rise of an insurgency in Punjab would jeopardise India's security.……

Siachen conflict

On 13 April 1984, India successfully captured 1000 sq kms of Siachen Glacier as a part of Operation Meghdoot and continued with Operation Rajiv until 1987.……

1990s

The then- Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, Farooq Abdullah (son of former Chief Minister Sheikh Abdullah) announced an alliance with the ruling Congress party for the elections of 1987. But, the elections were allegedly rigged in favour of him.……

1993 Mumbai Blasts

On 12 March 1993, a series of serial blasts occurred in Mumbai which killed 257 people and injured more than 1400 people.……

2000s

Under Bharatiya Janata Party

In May 2000, India's population exceeded 1 billion. President of the United States Bill Clinton made a groundbreaking visit to India to improve ties between the two nations. In January, massive earthquakes hit Gujarat state, killing at least 30,000.

Congress rule returns

In January 2004 Prime Minister Vajpayee recommended early dissolution of the Lok Sabha and general elections.……

2010s

Congress rule continues

The concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games rocked the country in 2010, raising questions about the credibility of the government followed by the 2G spectrum case and Adarsh Housing Society scam.……

2020s

In February 2020, riots broke out in Delhi. The Citizenship Amendment Act protests have been described as an instigating factor. Tensions escalated on the Indo-China border after aggressive skirmishes between Indian and Chinese troops beginning on 5 May 2020.……

COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic in India began on 30 January 2020, when the first case was reported in Thrissur.……

Economy

The economic history of the India since 1947 can be divided into two epochs:

1.1947-91 which saw heavy government involvement in the economy, and a slow growth rate in GDP

2.1991–present which saw deregulation and a rapid growth in GDP, and reduction in poverty.

Pre-liberalisation period (1947–1991)

Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience, which was seen as exploitative by Indian leaders exposed to British social democracy and the planned economy of the Soviet Union.……