事件 › 战役

内雷特瓦战役

Battle of Neretva

时间: 1943 年 2 月—1943 年 4 月
地点: 黑塞哥维那、内雷特瓦河
国家 / 地区: 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那
属于: 内雷特瓦河
前一事件: Operation Weiss I
后一事件: 苏捷斯卡战役、Partisan Offensive in Herzegovina (1943) 等 3 项
类型: 战役、军事作战
简述: final phase of the Axis operation Weiss and the Partisan counter-offensive.

Operation Weiss (German: Unternehmen Weiß), also known as the Fourth Enemy Offensive (Serbo-Croatian: Četvrta neprijateljska ofenziva/ofanziva), was a major Axis offensive launched against the Yugoslav Partisans throughout occupied Yugoslavia during World War II. It was one of the most significant confrontations of World War II in Yugoslavia. The offensive took place in early 1943, between 20 January and mid-to-late March. The Axis operation prompted the Partisan Supreme Command to enact its plans to drive toward eastern Herzegovina, Sandžak and Montenegro.

In order to do this, Tito formed the so-called Main Operational Group, which eventually succeeded in forcing its way across the Neretva in mid-March 1943, after a series of battles with various hostile formations. Other Partisan formations, the 1st Croatian and 1st Bosnian Corps, managed to evade Axis blows and, despite significant losses, reclaim most of the territory they had held before the beginning of the operation.

Since its final stage took place on the Neretva River, the operation was known in Yugoslavia as the Battle of the Neretva (Bitka na Neretvi). This stage is also known as the Battle for the Wounded (Bitka za ranjenike).

详细介绍

Background

In late 1942, with the Axis situation in North Africa deteriorating, the German high command became concerned about the possibility of an Allied landing in the Balkans. In such an event, resistance forces in Yugoslavia would be likely to interfere with German defensive operations as well as their economic exploitation of natural resources, including timber, copper and bauxite. As a result, on 16 December 1942 Adolf Hitler ordered the Armed Forces Commander in Southeast Europe, Generaloberst Alexander Löhr, to crush the resistance in Yugoslavia. In a meeting of 18–19 December, the General Staff of the Wehrmacht decided on the destruction of the Bihać Republic. On 8 January Löhr and Mario Roatta, commander of the 2nd Italian Army, met in Zagreb and devised a detailed plan.

Operation

The operation was planned to be carried out in three stages:

Weiss 1 aimed at destroying Partisan-held areas Lika, Kordun, Banija, Cazinska Krajina and Grmeč. It started on 20 January 1943 and lasted until 25 February.

Weiss 2 focused on Partisans in the southeast of the Bihać Republic: Drvar, Glamoč, Livno, Jajce and Ključ.

Weiss 3 was meant to be executed in eastern Herzegovina and Montenegro, targeting mostly the Royalist Chetniks. This phase was cancelled in early February 1943.

The Germans aimed to destroy the central command of the Partisan movement, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia as well as the bulk of the Partisan units around the Supreme Headquarters. The Axis mustered ten divisions equaling 90,000 troops and 12 air squadrons.

Chetnik auxiliaries and units consisting of between 12,000 and 15,000 men also took part and worked closely with the Italians. The operation coincided with the so-called "March on Bosnia", a plan that called for the use of Chetniks from Lika, northern Bosnia, northern Dalmatia, Herzegovina and Montenegro in order to destroy the Partisan-held territory there. The "March on Bosnia" also called for the ethnic cleansing of the Muslim population in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Sandžak.……

Weiss 1

According to the plan, four German divisions (7th SS Volunteer Mountain, 369th, 714th and 717th) were to attack from the arc stretching from Karlovac across Glina, Kostajnica, Bosanski Novi and Sanski Most towards the line Bihać--Petrovac.……

Aftermath

By the end of March, the Germans claimed to have killed about 11,915 Partisans, executed 616, and captured 2,506. Despite these heavy losses and a tactical victory for the Axis powers, the partisan formations secured their command and the hospital, and were able to continue operations. In fact, once they reached the eastern parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Partisans had to face only the Chetniks, and in turn almost entirely incapacitated them in the area west of the Drina river.

The next major operation in Yugoslavia was Operation Schwarz.

Order of battle

Partisans

Main Operational Group
1st Proletarian Division
1st Proletarian Brigade
3rd Proletarian Sandžak Brigade
3rd Krajina Brigade
2nd Proletarian Division
2nd Proletarian Brigade
4th Proletarian Montenegro Brigade
2nd Dalmatian Brigade
3rd Assault Division
5th Montenegro Brigade
10th Herzegovina Brigade
1st Dalmatian Brigade

7th Banija Division (from 27 January)

7th Banija Brigade
8th Banija Brigade
16th Banija Brigade

9th Dalmatian Division (from 5 March)

3rd Dalmatian Brigade
4th Dalmatian Brigade
5th Dalmatian Brigade

7th Krajina Brigade (from 5 March)

1st Croatian Corps
6th Lika Division
1st Lika Brigade
2nd Lika Brigade
9th Lika Brigade

7th Banija Division (until 27 January)

7th Banija Brigade
8th Banija Brigade
16th Banija Brigade
8th Kordun Division
5th Kordun Brigade
15th Kordun Brigade
6th Littoral-Gorski Kotar Brigade
14th Littoral-Gorski Kotar Brigade
1st Bosnian Corps
4th Krajina Division
2nd Krajina Brigade
5th Krajina Brigade
6th Krajina Brigade
8th Krajina Brigade

12th Krajina Brigade (from 20 February)

5th Krajina Division
1st Krajina Brigade
4th Krajina Brigade

7th Krajina Brigade (until 4 March)

10th Krajina Division (from 13 February)

9th Krajina Brigade
10th Krajina Brigade

正文摘自英文维基百科（原文为英文，未翻译）「Operation Weiss」（节选，删去了参考文献、表格和图片），按 CC BY-SA 4.0 使用；在维基百科读全文 ›

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外部链接

英文维基百科Operation Weiss WikidataQ127872674