1921年伊朗政变

1921 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as 3 Esfand 1299 coup d'état (Persian: کودتای ۳ اسفند ۱۲۹۹ with the Solar Persian date), refers to several major events in Qajar Iran in 1921, which eventually led to the deposition of the Qajar dynasty and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty as the ruling house of Iran in 1925.

The events began with a coup by the Persian Cossack Brigade headed by Reza Khan on 22 February 1921. The precise level of British involvement in the coup remains a matter of historical debate, but it is almost certain that Edmund Ironside provided advice to the plotters. With this coup Zia ol Din Tabatabaee took over power and became prime minister. The coup was largely bloodless and faced little resistance. With his expanded forces and the Cossack Brigade, Reza Khan launched successful military actions to eliminate separatist and dissident movements in Tabriz, Mashhad and the Jangalis in Gilan. The campaign against Simko and the Kurds was less successful and lasted well into 1922, though it eventually concluded with Iranian success.

Background

In late 1920, the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic in Rasht was preparing to march on Tehran with "a guerrilla force of 1,500 Jangalis, Kurds, Armenians and Azerbaijanis", reinforced by the Bolsheviks' Red Army. This fact, along with various other disorders, mutinies and unrest in the country created "an acute political crisis in the capital."

By 1921, Qajar Persia had become corrupt and inefficient. The oil-rich nation was somewhat reliant on Britain and Russia for military and economic support. Civil wars earlier in the decade had threatened the government, and the only regular military force at the time was the Cossack Brigade.

Ahmad Shah Qajar, the shah of Iran at the time, had only been crowned in 1909 at the age of eleven and was considered to be a weak, incompetent ruler, especially after British, Russian, and Ottoman occupations of Persia during World War I.……

The coup and subsequent events

Reza Khan seizes Tehran

On 18 February 1921, the Cossacks reached Tehran meeting little resistance. In the early morning of 21 February, they entered the city. Only several policemen, taken by surprise, are said to have been killed or wounded in the center of Tehran. Backed by his troops, Reza Khan forced the Cabinet to dissolve and oversaw his own appointment as minister of war. Reza Khan also ensured that Ahmad, still ruling as shah, appoint Zia ol Din Tabatabaee as prime minister.

Treaty with the RSFSR

On 26 February, the new government signed a treaty of friendship with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, formerly the Russian Empire. As a result of the treaty, the RSFSR gave up some of its former Russian facilities in Iran, although Soviet diplomats ensured that their nation was allowed to intervene with its military in Iran, as long as the intervention was "self-defense". The RSFSR also gave up any Russian-owned railroads and ports in Iran.

Change of prime ministers

Prior to the coup, Ahmad Qavam, governor of Khorasan, had asserted his loyalty to the Qajar dynasty.……

Aftermath

In the aftermath of the 1921 events, relations of the Persian government with the Emirate of Muhammara had also become strained. In 1924, the Sheikh Khazal rebellion broke out in Khuzestan, being the first modern Arab nationalist uprising led by the Sheikh of Mohammerah Khaz'al al-Ka'bi. The rebellion was quickly and effectively suppressed with minimal casualties.

Rezā Khan was placed on the throne by the constitutional assembly in 1925, and many of those involved in the coup were either killed or put in prison. One general, Sepahbod Amir Ahmadi, tried to stand up against the establishment of the new dynasty, but on a visit to his now imprisoned brother-in-law, General Heydargholi Pessian, who had been one of the leaders of the coup that defeated the Qajar dynasty, Amir Ahmadi confessed that his efforts to prevent Reza Khan being made Shah and the monarchy reinstated were being thwarted by the British.